The Sound of Architecture

Acoustic atmospheres can be fleeting, elusive, or short-lived. Sometimes they are constant, but more often they change from one moment to the next, forming distinct impressions each time we visit certain places. Stable or dynamic, acoustic atmospheres have a powerful effect on our spatial experience, sometimes even more so than architecture itself. This book explores the acoustic atmospheres of diverse architectural environments, in terms of scale, function, location, or historic period—providing an overview of how acoustic atmospheres are created, perceived, experienced, and visualized. Contributors explore how sound and its atmospheres transform architecture and space. Their essays demonstrate that sound is a tangible element in the design and staging of atmospheres and that it should become a central part of the spatial explorations of architects, designers, and urban planners. The Sound of Architecture will be of interest to architectural historians, theorists, students, and practicing architects, who will discover how acoustic atmospheres can be created without complex and specialized engineering. It will also be of value to scholars working in the field of history of emotions, as it offers evocative descriptions of acoustic atmospheres from diverse cultures and time periods.

Impact of COVID-19 on gastroenterology fellowship training: a multicenter analysis of endoscopy volumes

Background and study aims The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on gastroenterology training programs. We aimed to objectively evaluate procedural training volume and impact of COVID-19 on gastroenterology fellowship programs in the United States. Methods This was a retrospective, multicenter study. Procedure volume data on upper and lower endoscopies performed by gastroenterology fellows was abstracted directly from the electronic medical record. The study period was stratified into 2 time periods: Study Period 1, SP1 (03/15/2020 to 06/30/2020) and Study Period 2, SP2 (07/01/2020 to 12/15/2020). Procedure volumes during SP1 and SP2 were compared to Historic Period 1 (HP1) (03/15/2019 to 06/30/2019) and Historic Period 2 (HP2) (07/01/2019 to 12/15/2019) as historical reference. Results Data from 23 gastroenterology fellowship programs (total procedures = 127,958) with a median of 284 fellows (range 273–289; representing 17.8 % of all trainees in the United States) were collected. Compared to HP1, fellows performed 53.6 % less procedures in SP1 (total volume: 28,808 vs 13,378; mean 105.52 ± 71.94 vs 47.61 ± 41.43 per fellow; P < 0.0001). This reduction was significant across all three training years and for both lower and upper endoscopies (P < 0.0001). However, the reduction in volume was more pronounced for lower endoscopy compared to upper endoscopy [59.03 % (95 % CI: 58.2–59.86) vs 48.75 % (95 % CI: 47.96–49.54); P < 0.0001]. The procedure volume in SP2 returned to near baseline of HP2 (total volume: 42,497 vs 43,275; mean 147.05 ± 96.36 vs 150.78 ± 99.67; P = 0.65). Conclusions Although there was a significant reduction in fellows’ endoscopy volume in the initial stages of the pandemic, adaptive mechanisms have resulted in a return of procedure volume to near baseline without ongoing impact on endoscopy training.

Sonata for violin and piano as a Serafim Orfeyev’s creative views

The purpose of the article is to identify the intonation-content complex of the Sonata for Violin and Piano by the representative of the Odesa School of Composers Serafym Orfeyev in the area of the performer's interpretation of the symbolism of the sonata, comparison of similar works of Ukrainian composers in a specific historic period and identifying the original artistic concept of Orfeyev's work in accordance with his mindset. The scientific novelty is based on the fact that for the first time the work of Orfeyev, which has not yet been the subject of scientific research, is considered, and the significance of the composer's contribution to the development of the instrumental sonata of the XX century is revealed. Methodology. The personal features of the artist's creative preferences are determined through a complex of musical symbolism and reflection of the multiple meaning of the Orthodox church tradition of choral art, mythological information of folk-historical archaism in combination with professional achievements in the development of the chamber sonata genre. Conclusions. Sonata's analysis points to the signs of S. Orfeyev's stylistic search, which was expressed in the spread of the specifics of choral writing, to the comprehension of which (on the example of the works of Mykola Leontovych and Anatolii Lyadov) the composer paid great attention; in instrumental thinking, which was reflected in the saturation of the fabric of the ensemble work with a polyphonic plexus of voices, and especially hidden polyphony. The connection with folk art influences the reproduction of an expressive dynamic picture of a folk holiday. A rather complex synthesis of the dramatic and the lyrical creates a unique, deeply emotional concept of a musical work, which vividly complements the genre of the instrumental sonata with new features in the traditional romantic color.

Cvasi în direct: evenimentul revoluției române în Istoria lui Mihai Iovănel

This essay aims to examine several means by which literary historian and critic Mihai Iovănel grounds his synthesis work around the seminal moment of the Romanian revolution. It proceeds by defining two central occurrences of that event throughout the volume – as a temporary marker, useful insofar as it manages to divide more or less arbitrarily a historic period, and as a source for the narratives that would develop in quick response to the brutal transition towards capitalism. The article questions the meaning of the choice to engage the contemporary history starting from the Romanian revolution, while also pointing out the media transformations that this globally televised event brought to the literary field.

Image of Chisinau and its evolution in touristic albums and guides (1964–2008)

The city image presents an important part of urban research, because representations about the city basically underlie urban identities and are connected with its symbolic capital and attractiveness for the residents. Our earlier research of urban identity in Chisinau included images of the city it was based on and showed their inconsistency. Considering that images represent cognitive and emotional matrixes of the historic period of their formation, congruent with the existing social construct, it is important to trace dynamics of formation and contents of the Chisinau images, which are being formed as the public/brand ones in the touristic albums and guides of the Soviet period, as well as in the years of independence of the Republic of Moldova. For this purpose, we selected several sources from the both periods and carried out their comparison according to the identified categories. The results of the analysis proved the existing correlation between the city image from the albums and the main notional trends of the time of their creation. We can trace evolution of creation of the “new” city concept in the Soviet period and flourishing of this idea in 1980s. During the independence period the city image reflects some obvious ideas of identity search, revision of history, a European city, revival of traditional culture as one of the key components of national identity, which will define the appearance of the city as well. It is challenging to continue the research on additional sources from the last 5–10 years.

RITUAIS DE SEPULTAMENTO DOS SÍTIOS LAJEDO DO CRUZEIRO E PEDRA DA TESOURA, PARAÍBA: Um Estudo Comparativo Entre Sítios com Deposições Funerárias

Este artigo apresenta preliminarmente uma caracterização dos Lajedo do Cruzeiro e Pedra da Tesoura, procuramos contextualizar os resultados, ainda que iniciais, através de informações etnohistóricas e pesquisas arqueológicas realizadas na Paraíba. Analisamos as informações existentes sobre as populações que habitavam o interior no período Pré- histórico na área conhecida hoje como estado da Paraíba, especialmente os dados concernentes a contexto funerário. Os resultados dispostos nos estudos arqueológicos realizados nos sítios Barra (Camalaú), Serrote da Macambira (São João do Cariri), Pinturas I (São João do Tigre) e Furna dos Ossos (São João do Cariri), foram utilizados, porém, percebe-se que uma das principais dificuldades é estudar um sítio com sepultamento que apresente contexto de deposição preservado, impossibilitando, em grande parte dos casos, inferências seguras acerca das práticas funerárias. BURIAL RITUALS OF THE LAJEDO DO CRUZEIRO AND CRUZEIRO DA PEDRA SITES, PARAÍBA: A Comparative Study Between Sites with Funerary DepositionsABSTRACTThis paper presents a preliminary characterization of the Lajedo do Cruzeiro and Pedra da Tesoura, we seek to contextualize the results, even if initial, through the ethnohistorical information and archaeological research carried out in Paraíba. We analyzed the existing information about the populations that inhabited the interior in the Pre-historic period in the area known today as the state of Paraíba, especially the data concerning the funeralcontext. The results obtained in the archaeological studies carried out at the Barra (Camalaú), Serrote da Macambira (São João do Cariri), Pinturas I (São João do Tigre) and Furna dos Ossos (São João do Cariri) sites were used, one of the main difficulties is to study a buried site that has a preserved deposition context, making it impossible to obtain reliable inferences about funeral practices in most cases.Keywords: Death; funeral rituals; Tapuias; Paraíba

Megalithic Period in North Maidan, Karnataka

The megalithic period in Karnataka is significant as it witnessed technological developments like the beginning of use of iron and fast wheel for the making of pottery as well as socio-economic and institutional developments such as the emergence of an agrarian base, demographic expansion, rudimentary craft specialisation, a developing exchange network and a degree of social differentiation. Many features typical of the megalithic phase continue into the early historic period. In fact, the megalithic and the early historical do not essentially represent two distinct chronological entities and are found overlapping at certain sites. So far, there is no literary evidence for the culture, and there is nothing to suggest that the society was literate—if graffiti on the megalithic pottery do not turn out to be symbols of writing

A Climate Change Impact Assessment (CCIA) of Key Indicators and Critical Thresholds for Viticulture and Oenology in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada

Grape growth and wine production are both closely connected with weather and climate, making anthropogenic climate change a source of great uncertainty for the grape and wine industries. To assess the impacts of climate change on viticulture and oenology in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, where no such assessment has been published to this date, a series of key indicators and critical thresholds were selected based on their relevance to the local climatology. Trends among these indicators and thresholds were calculated over a historic period (1970-2019) and projected over the 21st century for one intermediate-emissions and one high-emissions climate change scenario. Historic trends were assessed using Environment and Climate Change Canada weather station data from Abbotsford, British Columbia. Two statistical downscaling methods were evaluated based on their ability to reproduce observed conditions in the Fraser Valley and the most effective method was used to create projections of local, daily climate change scenarios. During the historic period, temperatures increased significantly, while precipitation and moisture variables displayed insignificant trends, reflecting the trends observed across other wine regions in Canada and the Northwestern United States. Throughout the 21st century, warming is expected to continue while precipitation decreases modestly. Extreme heat is projected to become far more frequent, while extreme cold and potential frost days become rare. In the short term, modifications to vineyard and winery operations may be sufficient adaptation strategies. Over the long term, new grape varieties will most likely need to be planted in existing vineyards and suitability for cool-climate varieties may shift northward in direction or upward in elevation.

Irish in Ontario during the Victorian era

This paper discusses the immigrant Irish in Ontario during the Victorian era. Through analytic lenses of xenophobia and social inclusion the historic period is analyzed in the context of immigration and settlement. The two major groups discussed are the Protestant Orangemen and the Irish Catholics. The ruling Protestant class had a great deal of influence over the settlement of the Irish Catholics as this paper discusses. The exclusion and inequity of the Irish Catholics within Ontario is the crux of this paper.

Irish in Ontario during the Victorian era

This paper discusses the immigrant Irish in Ontario during the Victorian era. Through analytic lenses of xenophobia and social inclusion the historic period is analyzed in the context of immigration and settlement. The two major groups discussed are the Protestant Orangemen and the Irish Catholics. The ruling Protestant class had a great deal of influence over the settlement of the Irish Catholics as this paper discusses. The exclusion and inequity of the Irish Catholics within Ontario is the crux of this paper.