An Art or a Sport?

Ballet Class ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 203-222
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Klapper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
American Life ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
Ballet Students

Most ballet students in the United States have taken class for recreational purposes rather than pre-professional training. Recitals developed as a means of giving them performance opportunities while also demonstrating their accomplishments to their families. Teachers also benefited from recitals, which allowed them to showcase their work. By the mid-twentieth century, ballet recitals were already a ritual of American life. As more girls turned to sports in the wake of Title IX, 1972 federal civil rights legislation that required equal opportunities for girls and boys in educational environments, the number of competitions for recreational ballet students increased sharply. The hope was that making ballet more sport-like and competitive would help retain girls and boys alike as students. While dance competitions remain controversial and have compounded previously existing issues of access, they are now so pervasive that they are part of the landscape of recreational as well as professional ballet.

The Insidious Momentum of American Mass Incarceration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin E. Zimring
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
American Life ◽  
Peak Rate ◽  
Or Practice

The phenomenal growth of penal confinement in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century is still a public policy mystery. Why did it happen when it happened? What explains the unprecedented magnitude of prison and jail expansion? Why are the current levels of penal confinement so very close to the all-time peak rate reached in 2007? What is the likely course of levels of penal confinement in the next generation of American life? Are there changes in government or policy that can avoid the prospect of mass incarceration as a chronic element of governance in the United States? This study is organized around four major concerns: What happened in the 33 years after 1973? Why did these extraordinary changes happen in that single generation? What is likely to happen to levels of penal confinement in the next three decades? What changes in law or practice might reduce this likely penal future?

An Interview on Title IX with Shirley Chisholm, Holly Knox, Leslie R. Wolfe, Cynthia G. Brown, and Mary Kaaren Jolly

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-526 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deputy Director ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
Office For Civil Rights ◽  
Education Fund ◽  
History Of

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 specifically prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in elementary and secondary schools, colleges, and universities. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance...." Conflict over the formulation and interpretation of the regulation erupted immediately after the passage of Title IX, and its statutory limits continue to be tested, increasingly in the courts, across the country. This interview explores the effects of Title IX and the controversy surrounding its implementation. Five women, each uniquely involved with the short but volatile history of Title IX, discuss its implications and potential for ensuring a more equitable educational system. The interview participants include The Honorable Shirley Chisholm, Democratic Congresswoman from New York; Mary Jolly, Staff Director and Counsel to the Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution chaired by Senator Birch Bayh; Leslie Wolfe, Director of the Women's Educational Equity Act Program, and formerly Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Education, who earlier had been Deputy Director of the Women's Rights Program of the Commission on Civil Rights; Cindy Brown, Principal Deputy Director of the Office for Civil Rights in HEW; and Holly Knox, Director of PEER, the Project on Equal Education Rights of the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, and former Legislative Specialist in the United States Office of Education.

Southern Literature, Cold War Culture, and the Making of Modern America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan J. Dominy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Southern Literature ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Societal Pressure ◽  
The Cold War

The formalized study of southern literature in the mid-twentieth century is an example of scholars formalizing the study of modernist aesthetics in order to suppress leftist politics and sentiments in literature and art. This formalized, institutional study was initiated in a climate in which intellectuals were under societal pressure, created by the Cold War, to praise literary and artistic production representative of American values. This even in southern literary studies occurred roughly at the same time that the United States sought to extoll the virtues of America’s free, democratic society abroad. In this manner, southern studies and American studies become two sides of the same coin. Intellectuals and writers that promoted American exceptionalism dealt with the rising Civil Rights Movement and the nation’s complicated history with race and poverty by casting the issues as moral rather than political problems that were distinctly southern and could therefore be corrected by drawing on “exceptional” southern values, such as tradition and honor. The result of such maneuvering is that over the course of the twentieth century, “south” becomes more than a geographical identity. Ultimately, “south” becomes a socio-political and cultural identity associated with modern conservatism with no geographical boundaries. Rather than a country divided into south and north, the United States is divided in the twenty-first century into red and blue states. The result of using southern literature to present southern values as appropriate, moderate values for the whole nation during the Cold War is to associate these values with nationalism and conservatism today.

Sociohistorical and Demographic Perspectives on U.S. Remarriage in 1910

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Elman ◽  
Andrew S. London
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Family Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
American Life ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
The Life Course

Many scholars have noted the theoretical importance of remarriage in twentieth-century American life (Burch 1995; Cherlin 1998; Furstenberg 1980; Glick 1980; Thornton 1977; Uhlenberg and Chew 1986), yet few historical studies have examined remarriage in the United States empirically. This gap in the literature is noteworthy for two reasons. First, the turn of the twentieth century seems to have marked a crossover in the remarriage transition of the United States, reflecting changes in the pool of persons eligible to remarry. This transition was characterized by decreases in remarriage resulting from declines in mortality and the probability of widow(er)hood, followed by increases in remarriage resulting from higher divorce rates. The crossover in the transition was likely to have occurred when the pool of eligibles was at or near its nadir. Second, there is ongoing debate about the implications of remarriage for families and individuals (Booth and Dunn 1994), and about the impacts of remarriage on family functions (Cherlin 1978; Cherlin and Furstenberg 1994). In the light of these considerations, we believe it is important to examine remarriage and its consequences in the United States at the turn of the century so that we may better understand the ways that remarriage influences family life and shapes the life course of persons within families (see London and Elman 2001).

scholarly journals The Austrian Contribution to American Life Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Jonathan Singerton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Life ◽  
The Us

This review essay reviews From a Multiethnic Empire to a Nation of Nations: Austro-Hungarian Migrants in the US, 1870–1940, authored by Annemarie Steidl, Wladimir Fischer-Nebmaier, and James W. Oberly (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2017) and Quiet Invaders Revisited: Biographies of Twentieth Century Immigrants to the United States, edited by Günter Bischof (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2017).

scholarly journals Making American Whiteness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tisa Wenger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Jews ◽  
American Life ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Faith Movement

This chapter explores the significance of religious freedom for American Jews, with particular attention to Jewish debates over Zionism and the emergence of the tri-faith movement in the early twentieth century. It argues that in an era of increasingly racialized anti-Semitism, American Jewish appeals for religious freedom both in the United States and abroad helped establish Jewishness as a primarily religious rather than racial identity in American life. In the process, religious freedom talk eased the access of American Jews to the racial status of whiteness in the United States.

From Slavery to Freedom: Abolitionist Expressions in Maskilic Sea Adventures

AJS Review ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-70
Author(s):  
Rebecca Wolpe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Many ◽  
American Blacks

“Black” themes held a substantial place in twentieth-century American Yiddish poetry and prose, as well as in Yiddish journalism. As Hasia Diner notes in her work on Jews and blacks in the United States in the twentieth century, Jews sympathized with the plight of American blacks and their fight for civil rights. However, this had not always been the case, as evidenced by the many staunch Jewish supporters of slavery and Jewish slave owners and traders. Jonathan Schorsch claims that “under the sign of theHaskala…little changed” in this respect. In discussing a reference by Isaac Satanov to black slavery, Schorsch notes:One cannot gauge from this brief comment whether Satanov knew about the abolitionist movements beginning to agitate in England and France at the time. Satanov's reportage was remarkably non-committal, betraying little, if any, sympathy for these developments.

Sociohistorical and Demographic Perspectives on U.S. Remarriage in 1910

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Elman ◽  
Andrew S. London
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Family Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
American Life ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
The Life Course

Many scholars have noted the theoretical importance of remarriage in twentieth-century American life (Burch 1995; Cherlin 1998; Furstenberg 1980; Glick 1980; Thornton 1977; Uhlenberg and Chew 1986), yet few historical studies have examined remarriage in the United States empirically. This gap in the literature is noteworthy for two reasons. First, the turn of the twentieth century seems to have marked a crossover in the remarriage transition of the United States, reflecting changes in the pool of persons eligible to remarry. This transition was characterized by decreases in remarriage resulting from declines inmortality and probability of widow(er)hood, followed by increases in remarriage resulting from higher divorce rates. The crossover in the transition was likely to have occurred when the pool of eligibles was at or near its nadir. Second, there is ongoing debate about the implications of remarriage for families and individuals (Booth and Dunn 1994), and about the impacts of remarriage on family functions (Cherlin 1978; Cherlin and Furstenberg 1994). In the light of these considerations, we believe it is important to examine remarriage and its consequences in the United States at the turn of the century so that we may better understand the ways that remarriage influences family life and shapes the life course of persons within families (see London and Elman 2001).

The Influence of Title IX

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Schultz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Education Amendments Of 1972

What is Title IX? Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is an amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It states, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits...

scholarly journals Envisioning Innovation at the Intersection of Sport and Disability: A Blueprint for American Higher Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Derek Van Rheenen ◽  
Matt Grigorieff ◽  
Jessica N. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

In January 2013, the United States Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights issued policy guidelines to ensure that students with disabilities have equal opportunities to participate in extracurricular athletic activities in public elementary, secondary and postsecondary schools.   To date, few educational institutions, particularly within higher education, have met this national need. This paper describes a pilot course offered at  a large public university on the west coast of the United States that combines learning about disability studies while participating in goalball, a sport designed for individuals with visual impairments. The implementation of this pilot program highlights the challenges and opportunities for educational institutions to offer students with disabilities, particularly students with visual impairments, equal opportunities to participate in athletics.  The paper envisions innovation at the intersection of sport and disability and offers a possible blueprint for other colleges and universities that seek to create similar extra or co-curricular opportunities in line with the OCR’s policy guidelines.   

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