Switzerland
Switzerland remained neutral during World War II and was never invaded by Nazi Germany like its neighbors. Switzerland’s narrative as a being haven to Jewish refugees during the war and a bulwark against Nazism was discredited in the the late 1990s by two Swiss studies that investigated how Switzerland benefited from trading with Nazi Germany and other acts. These produced a more complete picture of Switzerland’s dealings with Nazi Germany, including the identification of accounts in Swiss banks of victims of Nazi persecution that had lain dormant since World War II. In 1998, Swiss banks Credit Suisse and UBS settled class action litigation in U.S. courts. In exchange for total release from all future claims arising from the Nazi era, the Swiss banks paid into a class action fund administered by U.S. federal judge Edward Korman USD 1.25 billion, to be distributed to heirs of Jewish account holders and other claimants. No Jewish immovable property was confiscated during World War II. Switzerland endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.