Martingales

2021 ◽  
pp. 313-343
Author(s):  
James Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Martingale Theory ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Martingale Inequalities ◽  
Martingale Convergence ◽  
Doob Decomposition

This chapter summarizes the essentials of sequential conditioning and martingale theory. After a review with examples of the basic properties of martingales and semi‐martingales, including the Doob decomposition, the upcrossing inequality and martingale convergence are studied and also the role of the conditional variances in establishing convergence. The important martingale inequalities of Kolmogorov, Doob, Burkholder, and Azuma are proved.

scholarly journals The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1644) ◽  
pp. 20130420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Rizzolatti ◽  
Leonardo Fogassi
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Motor Intention ◽  
Similar Motor ◽  
Motor Acts

Mirror neurons are a specific type of visuomotor neuron that discharge both when a monkey executes a motor act and when it observes a similar motor act performed by another individual. In this article, we review first the basic properties of these neurons. We then describe visual features recently investigated which indicate that, besides encoding the goal of motor acts, mirror neurons are modulated by location in space of the observed motor acts, by the perspective from which the others’ motor acts are seen, and by the value associated with the object on which others’ motor acts are performed. In the last part of this article, we discuss the role of the mirror mechanism in planning actions and in understanding the intention underlying the others’ motor acts. We also review some human studies suggesting that motor intention in humans may rely, as in the monkey, on the mirror mechanism.

INTERLEUKIN MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF AN IMMUNE SYSTEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 889-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
URSULA FORYS
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Basic Properties

Some generalizations of Marchuk's model of an infectious disease with respect to the role of interleukins are presented in this paper. Basic properties of the models are studied. Results of numerical simulations with different coefficients corresponding to the different forms of the disease are shown.

scholarly journals Abelianity Conjecture for Special Compact Kähler 3-Folds

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fréderic Campana ◽  
Benoît Claudon
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Group ◽  
Ricci Curvature ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Classification Theory ◽  
Canonical Bundle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Basic Properties

AbstractUsing orbifold metrics of the appropriately signed Ricci curvature on orbifolds with a negative or numerically trivial canonical bundle and the two-dimensional log minimal model programme, we prove that the fundamental group of special compact Kähler 3-folds is almost abelian. This property was conjectured in all dimensions by Campana in 2004, and also for orbifolds in 2007, where the notion of specialness was introduced. We briefly recall the definition, basic properties and the role of special manifolds in classification theory.

scholarly journals Fuzzy functions: a fuzzy extension of the category SET and some related categories

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Höhle ◽  
Hans-E. Porst ◽  
Alexander P. Sostak
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Other Hand

<p>In research Works where fuzzy sets are used, mostly certain usual functions are taken as morphisms. On the other hand, the aim of this paper is to fuzzify the concept of a function itself. Namely, a certain class of L-relations F : X x Y -&gt; L is distinguished which could be considered as fuzzy functions from an L-valued set (X,Ex) to an L-valued set (Y,Ey). We study basic properties of these functions, consider some properties of the corresponding category of L-valued sets and fuzzy functions as well as briefly describe some categories related to algebra and topology with fuzzy functions in the role of morphisms.</p>

scholarly journals Efficient concrete increased water resistance modified with mineral and polymeric additives

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 02017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Velichko ◽  
Nikita Polkovnikov ◽  
Yuliya Sadchikova
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
High Price ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Polymeric Additives ◽  
Impervious Layer ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with issues of optimizing the composition of efficient concrete increased water resistance, reducing its cost without losing or increasing its basic properties. In recent years, the most effective method of tightness to water in the construction of buried and underground structures, as opposed to the use of bituminous and other traditional materials, is a method based on the use of concrete with increased water resistance. This type of tightness to water is called “White bath” in Europe. The essence of the technology is that the role of the impervious layer is performed directly by the concrete itself. The subject of the study is the composition of self-stressing concrete, which has a high density and fastness to water, but a high price compared to the concrete on Portland cement, which limits its wide application. The aim of the study is the development and optimization of the composition or stressing concrete with desired properties using a variety of mineral and polymeric additives to reduce the cost of the finished product while maintaining or improving the significant operational indicators.

Understanding Actions and the Intentions of Others: The Basic Neural Mechanism

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIACOMO RIZZOLATTI ◽  
MADDALENA FABBRI DESTRO
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Similar Action ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Intention Understanding

In this study, we first briefly review the basic properties of a particular set of neurons that discharge both when the individuals execute a specific action and when they observe another individual doing a similar action. These neurons are called mirror neurons. We then show that mirror neurons mediate our capacity to understand actions done by others. In the second part of the study we discuss the role of the mirror mechanism in intention understanding. We conclude with a review of recent data suggesting that a deficit in the mirror neuron mechanism may underlie some aspects of autism.

scholarly journals Role of Divalent Metal Ions on the Basic Properties and Molecular Chains of Natural Rubber

2018 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
pp. 022057
Author(s):  
Fuchun Zhao ◽  
Jie Guan ◽  
Wanna Bai ◽  
Tingting Gu ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Divalent Metal ◽  
Divalent Metal Ions ◽  
Basic Properties

scholarly journals Influence of acid–base properties of Mg-based catalysts on transesterification: role of magnesium silicate hydrate formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Cornu ◽  
Longfei Lin ◽  
Maya Mounir Daou ◽  
Maguy Jaber ◽  
Jean-Marc Krafft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Base Properties

Catalysts with the strongest basic properties are not always the most efficient ones for transesterification, a series of magnesium-based materials, exhibiting a large range of acido–basic properties, was investigated.

scholarly journals ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Additive Technologies ◽  
Additive Technology ◽  
Dense Structure ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Construction Market

the main innovative technologies of construction 3-D printing in modern construction are considered. This direction of research confirms the relevance of the selected issue. Development of compositions for building 3D printing allows for construction of not only individual constructions, but also buildings and constructions in general. Experimental compositions with effective for building print supplements will receive enough dense structure of concrete are developed. To assess the use of quartz sand for use in 3-d printers studies were conducted of their basic properties. The role of additive technologies in modern construction in the construction of buildings and structures that will lead to future changes in the construction market.

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