Design and Fabrication of Elevators Using AVR Microcontroller

Men, along with the progress in his civilization and daily life, felt the need more and more every day that in addition to all the facilities and tools he had created for himself to move horizontally, he needed a tool to move himself and his tools and loads in the horizontal direction. Is. Images have been recorded in history that show that he invented methods for vertical movement in the distant past. Initially, this was done by levers and animals. An elevator is a permanent public vehicle that moves between predefined levels. The elevator is the only means of transportation used by all age groups and is the most common means of vertical movement in the world. The elevator is installed inside an environment that consists of three parts: 1. Engine room 2. Elevator well 3. Well. The gearbox motor acts as the heart of the elevator and the control panel acts as the core of the elevator. The aim of this research is to simulate and build the circuit and the building of the elevator so that it can be equipped with new facilities and sensors by using reprogramming if necessary to make its operation safer and provide more comfort for the passengers. Here we have programmed the AVR microcontroller using codevisionAVR software and performed the simulation using Proteus software.

Car Parking System using Arduino

Present day vehicle parking is a serious issue and day by day its need is increasing. In our country, we are always facing problems like time and fuel wastage, finding free space for parking around the public area. “Car Parking System Using Arduino” project aims at avoiding confusion and provides a hassle free and easy parking. The main aim of this project is to help the drivers in parking their vehicles within minimized time with precise information on the free space available to park, displayed on a LCD screen at the entry of the parking area or lot. The operator or the management of the parking system can also collect the fee for parking duration efficiently and can be further advanced in booking of parking space and pay using the system. This project includes an Arduino Uno to which the IR sensors, servo motor, LCD and are interfaced. The LCD is used to display the number of spaces available and total spaces in the parking lot. The counter is used to count the vehicles which are entering and leaving the garage or lot. Servo motor acts as a gate for controlling the flow of vehicles coming in and going out of the lot.

From Knowing to Feeling

Visual and auditory processes represent sensory information, but do not evaluate its importance for survival or success. Interactions between perceptual/cognitive and evaluative reinforcement/emotional/motivational mechanisms accomplish this. Cognitive-emotional resonances support conscious feelings, knowing their source, and controlling motivation and responses to acquire valued goals. Also explained is how emotions may affect behavior without being conscious, and how learning adaptively times actions to achieve desired goals. Breakdowns in cognitive-emotional resonances can cause symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD, including explanations of how affective meanings fail to organize behavior when this happens. Historic trends in the understanding of cognition and emotion are summarized, including work of Chomsky and Skinner. Brain circuits of conditioned reinforcer learning and incentive motivational learning are modeled, including the inverted-U in conditioning as a function of interstimulus interval, secondary conditioning, and attentional blocking and unblocking. How humans and animals act as minimal adaptive predictors is explained using the CogEM model’s interactions between sensory cortices, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. Cognitive-emotional properties solve phylogenetically ancient Synchronization and Persistence Problems using circuits that are conserved between mollusks and humans. Avalanche command circuits for learning arbitrary sequences of sensory-motor acts, dating back to crustacea, increase their sensitivity to environmental feedback as they morph over phylogeny into mammalian cognitive and emotional circuits. Antagonistic rebounds drive affective extinction. READ circuits model how life-long learning occurs without associative saturation or passive forgetting. Affective memories of opponent emotions like fear vs. relief can then persist until they are disconfirmed by environmental feedback.

Blocking Tics in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

Introduction: Patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may experience blocking tics (BTs) defined as recurrent, brief cessations of motor acts. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, age of onset, and clinical correlates of BTs in GTS patients.Materials and Methods: We performed a one-time registration study in a cohort of 195 consecutive GTS patients aged 5–66 years (mean age: 15.0 ± 9.2; 47 females, 24.1%). All patients were personally interviewed and examined.Results: At least one BT occurred at some point in the lifetime of 73 patients (37.4%) with a mean age of onset of 10.4 ± 5.9 years. BTs occurred an average of 4.8 ± 5.3 years after tic onset. The most common BT was cessation of walking (n = 59, 80.8%), followed by speech (n = 19, 26.0%), running (n = 18, 24.7%), and writing (n = 9, 12.3%). Most of the patients (n = 52, 71.2%) reported cessation of only one activity. Clinical associations of BTs included more severe tics, overall greater number of tics, and, to a lesser extent, higher age at evaluation and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder.Conclusions: BTs represent complex tics, early and common symptoms of GTS, and are associated with a more severe form of GTS.

AGED CHANGES OF DYNAMIC COMPONENT OF THE VERTICAL STABILITY IN WOMEN 60-74 YEARS OLD

В статье представлена характеристика динамического компонента постурального баланса и выявлены его особенности у женщин пожилого возраста с постуральным дефицитом. Оценку динамического компонента постурального баланса проводили на компьютерном стабилометрическом комплексе «Balance Manager» у женщин 60-74 лет с падениями в анамнезе и без них. При постуральном дефиците наиболее значимые изменения проявляются в увеличении времени реализации и снижении эффективности выполнения сложных двигательных актов. В факторной структуре показателей динамического компонента постурального баланса при постуральном дефиците ведущим является фактор, характеризующий скоростные и силовые показатели при реализации сложных двигательных актов. Исследование динамического компонента постурального баланса рекомендуется включать в комплексную диагностику нарушений ходьбы у лиц пожилого возраста и при оценке эффективности лечебных и реабилитационных мер. The article presents characteristics of the dynamic component of postural balance and its features in elderly women with postural deficit. The assessment of the dynamic component of postural balance was performed on a computer stabilometric complex «Balance Manager» in women aged 60-74 with and without a history of falls. The most significant changes are manifested by an increase in the time of implementation and a decrease in the effectiveness of performing complex motor acts. In the factor structure of indicators of the dynamic component of postural balance in postural deficit, the leading factor is the factor that characterizes speed and power indicators in the implementation of complex motor acts. The study of the dynamic component of postural balance is recommended to be included in the comprehensive diagnosis of walking disorders in the elderly and in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation measures.

Fast-spiking interneurons of the premotor cortex contribute to action planning

Planning and execution of voluntary movement depend on the contribution of distinct classes of neurons in primary motor and premotor areas. However, the specific functional role of GABAergic cells remains only partly understood. Here, electrophysiological and computational analyses are employed to compare directly the response properties of putative pyramidal (PNs) and fast-spiking, GABAergic neurons (FSNs) during licking and forelimb retraction in mice. Recordings from anterolateral motor cortex and rostral forelimb area, reveal that FSNs fire earlier and for a longer duration than PNs, with the exception of a subset of early-modulated PNs in deep layers. Computational analysis reveals that FSNs carry vastly more information than PNs about the onset of movement. While PNs differently modulate their discharge during distinct motor acts, most FSNs respond with a stereotyped increase in firing rate. Accordingly, the informational redundancy was greater among FSNs than PNs. These data suggest that a global rise of inhibition contributes to early action planning.

Decisions in an Innate Behavioral Sequence

Innate behaviors are comprised of ordered sequences of component actions that progress to satisfy drives. We have characterized the structure of egg-laying behavior in Drosophila in detail and observed that the sequence is not merely comprised of motor acts but also acts of sensory exploration that govern the transitions between component actions. We have identified a cluster of internal sensory neurons that provide information about the progression of the egg during ovipositor burrowing, a behavior necessary for the subterraneous deposition of the egg. These neurons impart sensory feedback that allows burrowing to continue to egg deposition or to abort in favor of further exploration. Diminished activity of these neurons upon completed egg expulsion may initiate the transition to the final phase of egg-laying, allowing the cycle to repeat. Sensory feedback therefore plays a critical role at decision points between transitions affording innate behaviors with an adaptive flexibility.

Pianists’ Performance Stability as an Art History Phenomenon

The content and structure of the concept "stability" from the standpoint of different branches of science are analyzed. The essence of the concept of "pianists’ performing stability" is substantiated. It is found that this phenomenon ensures the preservation of their optimal emotional and creative well-being during public speeches and manifests itself in two interacting types: static and dynamic. If the static performance stability of pianists at the right time mobilizes their own resources to adequately respond to stressors in order to ensure accurate reproduction of performance skills, the dynamic — mobilizes the ability to maintain optimal emotional and creative well-being for a clear representation of artistic images and their expressive implementation in terms of stage activities. The specifics of the manifestation of the essential features of each of its types in the process of stage interpretation of musical works are characterized. It is proved that the static performance stability of pianists is manifested in the process of stage reproduction of performance skills due to: invariability of configurations of motor acts at the sensory-perceptual level, which provided error-free reproduction of automated performances in preparation for public interpretation of musical works; mobilization of internal resources to resist the action of any stressors; adherence to attitudes aimed at freeing consciousness from control over the process of implementation of motor acts. The cyclicality of the balanced pulsation of the internal elements of the dynamic performance stability of pianists according to the algorithm "order → chaos" and, conversely, "chaos → order" is described. It is proved that its functional basis is ensured by the constancy of synchronous self-regulation of internal parameters, which is achieved due to: resistance to preserving one's own spiritual and aesthetic values in the search for invariant-flexible constructs for constructing imaginary artistic images of musical works; continuous movement of relationships between the components of the system of this phenomenon during the evolution of factors influencing the course of cognitive processes; priorities of intellectual and cognitive technologies in the construction of artistic images of musical works in the imagination of pianists.

A slow V̇O2 on-response allows comfortable adoption of aerobically unaffordable walking and running speeds on short stair ascents

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical and metabolic reasons for the spontaneous gait/speed choice when ascending a short flight of stairs, where walking on every step or running on every other step are frequently interchangeable options. The kinematics, oxygen uptake (V̇O2), ventilation and heart rate of 24 subjects were sampled during climbing one and two flights of stairs while using the two gaits. Although motor acts were very short in time (5–22 s), metabolic kinetics, extending into the 250 s after the end of climbing, consistently reflected the (metabolic equivalent of the) required mechanical energy and allowed comparison of the two ascent choices: despite a 250% higher mechanical power associated with running, measured , ventilation and heart rate peaked at only +25% with respect to walking, and in both gaits at much lower values than despite predictions based on previous gradient locomotion studies. Mechanical work and metabolic cost of transport, as expected, showed a similar increase (+25%) in running. For stairs up to a height of 4.8 m (30 steps at 53% gradient), running makes us consume slightly more calories than walking, and in both gaits with no discomfort at all. The cardio-respiratory–metabolic responses similarly delay and dampen the replenishment of phosphocreatine stores, which were depleted much faster during the impulsive, highly powered mechanical event, with almost overlapping time courses. This discrepancy between mechanical and metabolic dynamics allows us to afford climbs ranging from almost to very anaerobic, and to interchangeably decide whether to walk or run up a short flight of stairs.