Conclusion: The Frontiers of PB

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-204
Author(s):  
Brian Wampler ◽  
Stephanie McNulty ◽  
Michael Touchton
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Industrialized Democracies ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Institutional Contexts

This chapter summarizes the main findings about PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impact. It raises questions about PB’s future and the limited evidence that continues to hamper researchers and policymakers’ ability to make key policy recommendations. PB is now used in settings as diverse as large cities in wealthy industrialized democracies, rural, low-income villages in countries governed by semi-authoritarian regimes, municipalities of middle-income countries in the Global South, and a variety of contexts in authoritarian countries. This diversity of program types and institutional contexts showcases the allure of PB around the world. Yet, it also highlights the challenges facing policymakers as they consider creating their own programs. The chapter ends with a conceptual discussion to guide policymakers as they adopt or support PB in the future.

scholarly journals Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqun Sun ◽  
Ji Chen ◽  
Qinglan Li ◽  
Dian Huang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Urban Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Urban Population Growth

Abstract The world has experienced dramatic urbanization in recent decades. However, we still lack information about the characteristics of urbanization in large cities throughout the world. After analyzing 841 large cities with built-up areas (BUAs) of over 100 km2 from 2001 to 2018, here we found an uneven distribution of urbanization at different economic levels. On average, large cities in the low-income and lower-middle-income countries had the highest urban population growth, and BUA expansion in the upper-middle-income countries was more than three times that of the high-income countries. Globally, more than 10% of BUAs in 325 large cities showed significant greening (P < 0.05) from 2001 to 2018. In particular, China accounted for 32% of greening BUAs in the 841 large cities, where about 108 million people lived. Our quantitative results provide information for future urban sustainable development, especially for rational urbanization of the developing world.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

Water Supply, Sanitation, and the Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Vijay Jagannathan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World

Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 (SDG 6) has committed all nations of the world to achieving ambitious water supply and sanitation targets by 2030 to meet the universal basic needs of humans and the environment. Many lower-middle-income countries and all low-income countries face an uphill challenge in achieving these ambitious targets. The cause of poor performance is explored, some possible ways to accelerate progress toward achieving SDG 6 are suggested. The analysis will be of interest to a three-part audience: (a) readers with a general interest on how SDG 6 can be achieved; (b) actors with policy interest on improving water supply and safe sanitation (WSS) service issues; and (c) activists skeptical of conventional WSS policy prescriptions who advocate out-of-the-box solutions to improve WSS delivery.

Internet Use around the World: An Empirical Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-699
Author(s):  
Minh Dao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Computer Access ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Internet Application ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract This paper empirically assesses the effect of the determinants of Internet use, using several samples of both developed and developing countries. Based on a sample of 23 low-income economies in 2015, we find that Internet use depends upon computer access. Using a sample of 38 lower middle-income countries we find that Internet use depends upon Internet quality and Internet affordability. Using a sample of 41 upper middle-income countries, we find that computer access and Internet affordability influence Internet use. From a sample of 45 high-income countries, we are able to show that computer access, Internet quality, and affordability do affect Internet use. Using a sample of thirty oecd countries, we find that Internet use depends upon computer access and Internet quality. When a sample of 150 developing and developed countries is used, results show that Internet use is influenced by computer access, Internet quality, Internet affordability, and Internet application.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Inequality in Smoking in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: Results from the World Health Survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e42843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor ◽  
Lucy Anne Parker ◽  
Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet ◽  
Somnath Chatterji
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World

Paediatric cardiac surgery in low-income and middle-income countries: a continuing challenge

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 1156-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyenvu Nguyen ◽  
Juan Leon-Wyss ◽  
Krishna S Iyer ◽  
A Thomas Pezzella
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Cardiac Care ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Paediatric Cardiac Surgery ◽  
The World

Despite advances in surgical and catheter-based treatment for congenital heart disease (CHD), there remain wide disparities across the globe. Ongoing international humanitarian and in-country programmes are working to address these issues with the ultimate goal to increase the quality and quantity of paediatric cardiac care, particularly in under-served regions of the world. This review aims to illustrate the reasons for these inequalities and suggests novel ways of improving access and sustainability of CHD programmes in low-income and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Inequalities in middle-income Europe and Central Asia: A tale of three studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
Ben Slay ◽  
Tahmina Anvarova
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Data

This paper focuses on how questions of inequalities in middle-income countries in Europe and Central Asia are dealt with in three recent studies: the EBRD’s “Transition Report 2016–17”; the World Bank’s 2018 study “Toward a new social contract: Taking on distributional tensions in Europe and Central Asia”; and UNDP’s “Regional human development report 2016. Progress at risk: Inequalities and human development in Eastern Europe, Turkey, and Central Asia.” While the three studies differ in terms of objectives, conceptual frameworks, country coverage, data and indicators, and policy recommendations, they also share important commonalities — particularly in terms of creating “regional” inequality narratives for transition economies, reconciling official data with common perceptions of inequalities in the region; improving data quality, quantity and availability, and changes in tax and social policies.

Abstract P137: Socioeconomic Status And Hypertension Control In Sub-saharan Africa: The Multination Eight Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Antignac ◽  
Diane Macquart de Terline ◽  
Ibrahima Bara Diop ◽  
Kouadio E Kramoh ◽  
Dadhi M Balde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
Hypertension Control ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Introduction: Systemic hypertension is a rapidly growing epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adequacy of blood pressure(BP) control and the factors influencing it, especially the role of socio-economic status(SES) have not been well studied in this part of the world. Hypothesis: We therefore aimed to quantify the association of SES both at the individual and at the country level with BP control in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in urban clinics of twelve countries, both low-income and middle-income, in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data were collected on demographics, treatment and standardized BP measures were made among the hypertensive patients attending the clinics. BP control was defined as BP<140/90 mmHg and hypertension grades were defined according to European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Country income was retrieved from the World Bank database and patient’s individual wealth status was documented by the treating physician. The separate association between SES (both country-level income and individual patient wealth) and BP control was investigated using Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models adjusted on sex and age. Results: A total of 2198 hypertensive patients (58.4±11.8years; 39.9% male) were included, of whom 1017(46.3%) were from low-income and 1181(53.7%) from middle-income countries. Individual wealth level was low, mid and high in 376(17.6%), 1053(49.2%) and 713(33.3%) patients respectively. Uncontrolled hypertension was present in 1692 patients(77.4%) including 1044(47.7%) with ≥grade 2 hypertension. The proportion of uncontrolled hypertension progressively increased with decreasing level of patient individual wealth, respectively 72.8%, 79.3% and 81.8%(p for trend<0.01). Stratified analysis shows that these differences of uncontrolled hypertension according to individual wealth index were observed in low-income countries(p for trend=0.03) and not in middle-income countries(p for trend=0.26). In low-income countries the odds of uncontrolled hypertension increased 1.37 fold(OR=1.37 [0.99-1.90]) and 1.88 fold(OR=1.88 [1.10-3.21]) in patients with middle and low individual wealth as compared to high individual wealth. Similarly, the grade of hypertension increased progressively with decreasing level of individual patient wealth(p for trend <0.01). Conclusions: Low individual wealth was significantly associated with poor hypertension control, especially in low-income countries. Strategies for hypertension control in Sub-Saharan Africa should especially focus on people in the lowest individual wealth groups who also reside in low-income countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document