Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Gert Würtenberger ◽  
Paul van der Kooij ◽  
Bart Kiewiet ◽  
Martin Ekvad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Union ◽  
Agricultural Plant ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
General Goals ◽  
Breeding And Genetics

This chapter introduces plant breeding, which is intended to alter plants genetically in such a manner that they adapt more appropriately to the needs of human beings. It describes the objectives of plant breeding which are tightly interwoven with the general goals of agricultural plant production. It also recounts the first work on plant breeding and genetics that was conducted by an Augustinian monk named Gregor Johann Mendel in the mid-1890s. This chapter reviews how the unsuitability of patent protection and the lack of protection of plant breeding in many countries increased the demand for protection of plant varieties on an international basis. It mentions the preamble of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Convention, which states that the protection of new varieties of plants is important for the development of agriculture and safeguarding the interests of breeders.

scholarly journals Legal protection of plant biotechnological inventions

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
P. T. Vanhala ◽  
T. Pehu ◽  
H. G. Gyllenberg
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Breeding Methods ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Variety Protection ◽  
Biotechnological Inventions

Within biotechnology, plant production is regarded as one of the most promising adaptations. New plant breeding methods are considered to better fulfil the requirements set on patentability than the traditional breeding methods. In Europe, a plant variety can be protected by special legislation. The present patent laws in Europe are not applied to plant biotechnological inventions. The United States has three systems under which new varieties of plants may be protected. These include The 1930 Plant Patent Act, The 1970 Plant Variety Protection Act and The 1952 Patent Statute. Companies that have specialized in plant breeding and organizations representing the industrial countries recommend improvements to the legal protection. On the other hand, farmers and the developing countries are against better protection.

scholarly journals Comparison of selected characteristics of cultivarsand wild-growing genotypes of Sambucus nigra in Slovakia

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
V. Horčinová Sedláčková ◽  
O. Grygorieva ◽  
O. Vergun ◽  
Y. Vinogradova ◽  
J. Brindza
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Technological Processing

In view of global changes, it is necessary to consider plant breeding as a process of developing new varieties and cultivars for present and future needs, with an emphasis on improving their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare wild-growing genotypes of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) with three registered cultivars Haschberg, Sambo and Bohatka in selected economic traits in Slovakia. Characters of selected genotypes and cultivars were tested in dynamics of inflorescences and fruit clusters, the morphological parameters such as the weight of fruit clusters, weight and number of drupes and weight of cluster without drupes. On the cv. Haschberg we evaluated the number of inflorescences for each individual plant for a period of three years. A high number of inflorescences was established in the first 3 years of plant growth. This is evidenced by the measurements from the 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year old plants with the number of inflorescences on average 21.3–25.7, 42.2–51.0, 65.1–73.7 and 99.0, respectively. The cultivars matured about two to three weeks later compared with wild-growing genotypes. The weight of the fruit clusters and the weight of drupes is an important trait in terms of plant production and efficiency of cultivation. For wild-growing genotypes, we also identified genotypes with a high weight of fruit clusters (111.1 g – SN-48) and weight of drupes (105.5 g – SN-48), which are determinant properties for selection of new genotypes for plant breeding and cultivation. The yield of juice is an important indicator for technological processing of elderberry fruit. For the cultivars the juice yield was found to range from 78.7% (cv. Sambo) to 82.9% (cv. Haschberg). We determined that the yield of juices of wild-growing genotypes ranged from 77.9–86.0%. The cultivar Haschberg had a better set of morphological traits compared to wild-growing genotypes, even though it was possible to find comparative genotypes in some characteristics. The results and knowledge obtained are useful for future breeders, cultivators, and processors of elderberries.

Plant Breeders' Rights, an Equitable Legal System for New Plant Cultivars

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mastenbroek
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
International Union ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Plant Breeders Rights

SUMMARYAs the art of plant breeding became a professional and increasingly expensive activity, legal protection was gradually provided in member states of UPOV (International Union for the Protection of Plant Varieties), at present 17 in number. The requirements and scope for protection by Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR) are reviewed and are considered to be favourable for plant breeders, growers and national agricultural productivity. Advantages and disadvantages of PBR and patent protection in connection with biotechnology, the rôle of multinationals as plant breeders and aspects of genetic erosion are discussed.

scholarly journals Plant Variety Protection: Current Practices and Insights

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Ju-Kyung Yu ◽  
Yong-Suk Chung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Stability Testing ◽  
International Union ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Common System ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Variety Protection

Breeders persistently supply farmers with the best varieties in order to exceed consumer demand through plant-breeding processes that are resource-intensive. In order to motivate continuous innovation in variety development, a system needs to provide incentives for plant breeders to develop superior varieties, for example, exclusive ownership to produce and market those varieties. The most common system is the acquisition of intellectual property protection through plant variety protection, also known as the breeder’s right. Most countries have adopted the system established by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). To be granted plant variety protection, the variety should prove to be unique by meeting three requirements: distinctness, uniformity, and stability. This review summarizes (1) the plant variety protection via UPOV convention, (2) technical methods for distinctness, uniformity, and stability testing via phenotype, molecular markers, and sequencing as well as their challenges and potentiality, and (3) additional discussions in essentially derived variety, value for cultivation and use testing, and open source seed initiative.

scholarly journals STOUT: SMILES to IUPAC names using neural machine translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohulan Rajan ◽  
Achim Zielesny ◽  
Christoph Steinbeck
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Union ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Neural Machine Translation ◽  
Tanimoto Similarity ◽  
Reverse Translation ◽  
String Representation

AbstractChemical compounds can be identified through a graphical depiction, a suitable string representation, or a chemical name. A universally accepted naming scheme for chemistry was established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) based on a set of rules. Due to the complexity of this ruleset a correct chemical name assignment remains challenging for human beings and there are only a few rule-based cheminformatics toolkits available that support this task in an automated manner. Here we present STOUT (SMILES-TO-IUPAC-name translator), a deep-learning neural machine translation approach to generate the IUPAC name for a given molecule from its SMILES string as well as the reverse translation, i.e. predicting the SMILES string from the IUPAC name. In both cases, the system is able to predict with an average BLEU score of about 90% and a Tanimoto similarity index of more than 0.9. Also incorrect predictions show a remarkable similarity between true and predicted compounds.

Molecular Markers

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-52
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Rate Of Success

Conventionally, establishment of relationship between the genotype and phenotype through genetic analysis was considered as key to success in plant breeding. The discovery of molecular markers has changed the entire scenario of genome analysis. Coinheritance of a gene of interest and a marker suggests that they are physically close on the chromosome. A marker must be polymorphic in nature for their identification and utilization. Such polymorphism can be detected at three levels: phenotype (morphological), difference in biomolecules (biochemical), or differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (molecular). These markers act as a versatile tool and find their importance in taxonomy, plant breeding, gene mapping, cultivar identification, and forensic science. They have several advantages over the conventional methods of plant breeding for developing new varieties with higher rate of success. This chapter covers the basic principles and applications of various types of markers with special emphasis on molecular markers.

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