Production of new varieties: an integrated research approach to plant breeding

1987 ◽  
pp. 487-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bingham ◽  
F. G. H. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
New Varieties

Russian Emigration's Literary Heritage in China: a Cultural Code

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Kim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Literary Methods

The article is devoted to the literary heritage of the Russian emigration in China and the Russian cultural code, which was preserved in the works of emigrants. A brief overview of the scientific literature, which formed the basis of the research methodology, and a description of the centers of Russian emigration in the Middle Kingdom - Harbin and Shanghai, the living conditions of emigrants are given. The relevance of the topic is due to the attention of modern researchers to the insufficiently studied literary heritage of the “eastern branch” of the Russian emigration.The material for the research was the works from the ten-volume “Literature of Russian emigrants in China” published in 2005 in Beijing. In this work, an integrated research approach is used, when various literary methods are combined with general scientific, linguistic, and private ones. The ten-volume collection includes the works of almost a hundred of Russian writers and poets in China, who for various reasons found themselves in emigration in Harbin, Shanghai and other Chinese cities. This work reveals the frequency themes of emigre creativity: Motherland, China-stepmother, historical events, faith in God, separation, longing for the Fatherland, etc. Basically, these are cultural codes, encoded information transmitted to us by our ancestors and allowing us to identify Russian culture: “Motherland”， “Holy Russia”，“Faith”，“God”，“Icon”，“Love”，“Home”， “Family”，“Soul”，“Hope”，“War”，“Separation”，“Foreign”， “Longing for the Homeland”，etc., as well as concepts (code units) that make up the concept sphere of the Russian picture of the world.The peculiar cultural mission of the Russian writers and poets of the “eastern branch” is that their literature is as much a cultural monument of their time as the works of emigrant writers of the “western branch”. Russian emigrants not only preserved their native culture, language, traditions, religion in exile but also increased the cultural heritage of Russia. The literary work of Russian emigrants in China should become a full-fledged part of the great Russian literature. Keywords: Russian emigrant literature, Russia, China, cultural heritage, cultural code, theme

Molecular Markers

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-52
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Rate Of Success

Conventionally, establishment of relationship between the genotype and phenotype through genetic analysis was considered as key to success in plant breeding. The discovery of molecular markers has changed the entire scenario of genome analysis. Coinheritance of a gene of interest and a marker suggests that they are physically close on the chromosome. A marker must be polymorphic in nature for their identification and utilization. Such polymorphism can be detected at three levels: phenotype (morphological), difference in biomolecules (biochemical), or differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (molecular). These markers act as a versatile tool and find their importance in taxonomy, plant breeding, gene mapping, cultivar identification, and forensic science. They have several advantages over the conventional methods of plant breeding for developing new varieties with higher rate of success. This chapter covers the basic principles and applications of various types of markers with special emphasis on molecular markers.

Addressing sand production challenges — an integrated research approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Seng Lim ◽  
Bailin Wu ◽  
Xavier Choi ◽  
Chong Yau Wong ◽  
Bahrom Madon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Sand Production ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Sand Control ◽  
Unconventional Resource

Sand production may be induced by many factors, such as reservoir pressure depletion, excessive draw-down pressure and water-cut. When transported from the formation, the sand particles can cause serious damage to completion and topside assets, impacting the overall productivity and safety of the operating wells. The sand management strategy for a particular field requires careful planning, evaluation and implementation to ensure effective and safe well productivity. The associated CAPEX and OPEX implications and risks can be high if the sanding problem is not managed carefully. This requires a good understanding of field-specific sanding problems. PETRONAS and CSIRO have collaborated on an integrated research program to provide a better understanding of the critical issue affecting sand production and develop associated predictive tools. This involved a multidisciplinary team from geomechanics, fluid mechanics and mathematics to examine the entire sand production process from sand generation, control and transportation to ensure an optimum sand management strategy. This extended abstract provides an overview of the research methodology based on experimental and numerical modelling techniques supported by field information. The study focuses on sand production behaviour, as well as failure of down-hole sand control equipment. The research led to better prediction and quantification of the sand production propensity, as well as erosion severity on critical production equipment. Insights and operational guidelines were also established to assist production and facility engineers in managing sand production challenges. This integrated research methodology would be applicable to unconventional resource areas, such as coal seam gas or shale gas production.

scholarly journals Studying Industrial Decarbonisation: Developing an Interdisciplinary Understanding of the Conditions for Transformation in Energy-Intensive Natural Resource-Based Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2129
Author(s):  
Oscar Svensson ◽  
Jamil Khan ◽  
Roger Hildingsson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Energy System Analysis ◽  
Integrated Research

The ambition to keep global warming well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, as recognised in the Paris Agreement, implies a reorientation towards low-carbon societal development and, ultimately, the decarbonisation of human societies and economies. While climate policy has been geared towards achieving set emission reduction targets, the decarbonisation of key socioeconomic sectors such as energy-intensive natural resource-based industries (ENRIs) has not yet been sufficiently addressed, neither politically nor in science. Decarbonising the ENRIs is a complex societal problem that will require structural transformation technologically as well as socially. Understanding the conditions for transformative change therefore necessitates integrated knowledge from multiple perspectives of different research fields. In this paper, we examine the potential of combining three different research fields and critically scrutinize the challenges to integration for understanding the conditions for industrial decarbonisation: energy system analysis, sustainability transition research and policy studies. We argue that these perspectives are complementary—a fundamental condition for fruitful integration—but not easily compatible since they are sometimes based on different ontological assumptions. The research fields are in themselves heterogeneous, which poses additional challenges to an integrated research approach. Drawing on experiences from a Swedish research project (GIST2050) on industrial decarbonisation, we suggest a modest approach to integrated research that could progressively develop from multidisciplinary exchange towards more integrated forms of interdisciplinarity by means of cross-disciplinary dialogue and understanding.

Genetic engineering of crop plants: from genome to gene

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Forster ◽  
M. A. Lee ◽  
U. Lundqvist ◽  
S. Millam ◽  
K. Vamling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Transitional Phase ◽  
Selection Of

Genetic engineering of crop plants has been in progress since the dawn of agriculture, about 10 000 years ago. For millennia the genetic make-up of our crop plants has been changed by mankind's selection of naturally occurring variants. As the trade routes were developed, novel plant types were introduced into new environments and provided more variation from which to choose. At the end of the nineteenth century an understanding of the laws of heredity was gained and plant breeding protocols were devised whereby selection became accompanied by deliberate crossing. As the knowledge of the genetic structure of crop plants improved, new ways of manipulation were invented and exploited. Indeed plant breeding became a testing bed for new ideas in genetics. For the plant breeder the techniques which were most widely employed in the past were those which aided breeding, for example techniques which speeded up the production of new varieties, but still used traditional routes of crossing and selection. This was a transitional phase between plant breeding as an art and plant breeding as a science.

Improved Livelihoods, Genetic Diversity and Farmer Participation: A Strategy for Rice Breeding in Rainfed Areas of India

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Maurya ◽  
A. Bottrall ◽  
J. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Farmer Participation ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Traditional Rice

SUMMARYThe present structure of plant breeding and seed multiplication in India is highly centralized. Furthermore, only a small number of new varieties is officially released each year. The system therefore appears inappropriate for the requirements of the large proportion of Indian farmers located in risk-prone and highly diverse environments. An alternative strategy is described whose central feature is close matching of the characteristics of farmers' traditional rice varieties with those of advanced breeders' lines. A selection from these lines is then distributed in small quantities for on-farm trials managed by farmers themselves. If the success of these initial efforts is to be sustained, a more decentralized approach to breeding and multiplication will be necessary.

scholarly journals Rewiring Meiosis for Crop Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallas Kuo ◽  
Olivier Da Ines ◽  
Christophe Lambing
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Dna Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Chromosome Engineering ◽  
Division Process ◽  
New Varieties

Meiosis is a specialized cell division that contributes to halve the genome content and reshuffle allelic combinations between generations in sexually reproducing eukaryotes. During meiosis, a large number of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed throughout the genome. Repair of meiotic DSBs facilitates the pairing of homologs and forms crossovers which are the reciprocal exchange of genetic information between chromosomes. Meiotic recombination also influences centromere organization and is essential for proper chromosome segregation. Accordingly, meiotic recombination drives genome evolution and is a powerful tool for breeders to create new varieties important to food security. Modifying meiotic recombination has the potential to accelerate plant breeding but it can also have detrimental effects on plant performance by breaking beneficial genetic linkages. Therefore, it is essential to gain a better understanding of these processes in order to develop novel strategies to facilitate plant breeding. Recent progress in targeted recombination technologies, chromosome engineering, and an increasing knowledge in the control of meiotic chromosome segregation has significantly increased our ability to manipulate meiosis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings and technologies on meiosis in plants. We also highlight recent attempts and future directions to manipulate crossover events and control the meiotic division process in a breeding perspective.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Androgenic Response of Two Nematode Resistant Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2103
Author(s):  
Flavien Shimira ◽  
Davut Keleş ◽  
Hatıra Taşkın ◽  
Kazım Abak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Anther Culture ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Culinary Traditions

Pepper is one of the most cultivated vegetables worldwide and also consumed substantially as a flavouring ingredient in different culinary traditions. Therefore, many researchers have focused on its breeding to develop new varieties. One of plant breeding aims is to attain disease and pest resistance. The use of tissue culture methods in plant breeding has many advantages. The response of two nematode resistant pepper genotypes to the anther culture and the effect of cold pre-treatment to the floral buds have been investigated in this study. Alata 2095 and Alata 2096 both specified as resistant to the nematode by Alata Horticultural Research Institute (Alata, Mersin, Turkey) were used as plant material. Two pre-treatments were used in this study: cold and no cold. In cold treatment, flower buds were kept in fridge at 4°C for 24 hours prior to the anther culture. Murashige and Skoog medium contained 0.25% activated charcoal, 6.5 g L-1 agar, 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzyl-amino-purine (BAP), 4 mg L-1 naphthalene-acetic-acid (NAA), 15 mg L-1 silver nitrate (AgNO3), and 30 g L-1 sucrose was used. After assessment, the highest mean of plant number was 39.08 per 100 anthers for Alata 2095 genotype. It was 46.61 and 31.56 in cold and no cold treatment, respectively. For Alata 2096 genotype, the mean was 1.96 per 100 anthers (1.68 and 2.25 in cold and no cold treatment, respectively). Statistical analyses confirmed that there was significant difference between treatments, genotypes and also significant interaction between those factors. At the end of the study, we can say that Alata 2095 genotype has a good androgenic response and it can be beneficial in further pepper breeding studies.

scholarly journals NEW EARLY VARIETIES OF VEGETABLE PEA

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
A. G. Besedin ◽  
O. V. Putina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Early Variety ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Variety Testing ◽  
Plant Breeding Station

The volume and structure of sown areas of vegetable pea varieties of different terms of ripening, selection of the Krymsk Experiment Plant Breeding Station, VIR in the southern region of Russia is shown. When creating new varieties, at present, priority is given to obtaining very early and early, in order to expand the conveyer of raw materials for processing. The merits of the breeding achievements created and included in the State Register are shown: a very early variety Prima (year of inclusion 2016) and an early Kudodesnik 2 (2018), which have already begun to be used in production. However, for processing enterprises in each group of ripening it is necessary to have 2-3 varieties. Therefore, we have set a goal - to create new varieties of vegetable peas of very early and early ripening periods, adaptive to the climatic conditions of the North Caucasus region. The studies were carried out from 2016 to 2018 in breeding fields (Krymsk Experiment Plant Breeding Station, VIR, Krasnodar region). Studied 10 varieties and lines. According to the results of evaluation in competitive variety testing (in 2016-2017), a very early grade of vegetable peas Izyuminka was transferred to the state test. The variety ripens 9 days earlier than the Alpha standard and surpasses it in yield (by 2.2 t / ha.). According to the competitive test held in 2017-2018, in 2019, the early variety Mayak was transferred to the state variety testing, which ripens 4 days earlier than the standard and is almost twice as high in yield. The use of these varieties in the processing industry will significantly increase the period of receipt of grain for processing.

scholarly journals Estimative of royalties: appropriation of gains provided by innovations associated with plant breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. e513101321497
Author(s):  
Eduardo José de Souza Silva ◽  
Crislaine Costa Calazans ◽  
Valdinete Vieira Nunes ◽  
Renata Silva-Mann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Applied Model ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Refinement Process ◽  
Single Authorship

Genetic breeding is based on the inheritance of quantitative traits, which provides the basis for developing methods that can be used to increase the rate of genetic improvement, known as genetic gain. Through selection, new varieties of plants can be obtained, which can be protected. Thus, this research investigates the mechanisms for estimating royalties in protected cultivars and the importance of genetic gains in such estimations. A systematic review was carried out based on articles published in 10 years, from 2009 to 2019, in the scientific bases Scopus (71) and Web of Science (73). The main crop, take as an example, was sugar cane. A survey of documents was carried out containing the Boolean terms and operators: “(genetic * and gain) and (sugarcane or cane)” in the title and/or abstract. One hundred forty-four articles were searched. After processing the data and removing duplicate documents, 107 scientific articles remained. With an average publication of 6.38 publications per year. Average of 14.6 citations per document. There were 463 authors and 456 co-authors, with nine documents having single authorship and an average of 4.33 authors per article. After the refinement process, a study sample of 25 articles was obtained. The analyzed journals provided information about the estimates, applied model, and study variables, being of great importance in constructing a linear regression model of royalty valuation linked to intellectual property rights related to the breeder of plant breeding.

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