General Geology

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Emery ◽  
David Neev
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Segment ◽  
Crystalline Crust ◽  
Major Fault ◽  
The Dead

The Dead Sea occupies a linear down-dropped region between two roughly parallel faults along the central segment of the major northsouth- trending crustal rift that extends about 1,100 km from the Red Sea through the Gulf of Elath to Turkey. This rift or geosuture separates the Arabian crustal sub-plate on the east from the Sinai one on the west. An origin as early as Precambrian is possible (Bender, 1974; Zilberfarb, 1978). Crystalline crust along the north-south trough of the Sinai sub-plate is about 40 km thick in contrast with a thickness of half as much above ridges along both flanks (Ginsburg and Gvirtzman, 1979). Toward the north the ridges appear to converge (Neev, Greenfield, and Hall, 1985). Since the Miocene period the Arabian plate has moved north about 105 km relative to the Sinai plate. This sort of crustal movement along either side of a rift is termed strike-slip faulting. One result of it was the opening of the Red Sea relative to the Gulf of Suez. The Dead Sea graben, a down-dropped block between two roughly parallel faults, occupies the central segment of the long crustal rift. The boundary between these is rather sharp along the east shore of the sea (Frieslander and Ben-Avraham, 1989). Actual post-Miocene movement was along not just a single major fault but was distributed among numerous sub-parallel faults that form a 100-km-wide belt in which movements were transferred from one fault to another (Eyal et al., 1981; Gilat and Honigstein, 1981). Recent movements have occurred along the south segment of the north-south-trending Arava fault south of the Amazyahu transverse fault (Zak and Freund, 1966). These strike-slip movements probably did not continue after Miocene along the main East fault of the Dead Sea, which is the north extension of the Arava wrench fault. In contrast, recent movements have been present along the north-northeast- trending Jordan or Dead Sea fault (Ben-Menahem et al., 1977, fig. 1). The movements extend south from east of Jericho in the north along the base of the west submarine slope of the sea and the elongate salt diapir of Mount Sedom as far as the Amazyahu fault in the south.

Israeli-Jordanian water deal leaves Palestinians dry

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Palestinian Authority ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
The North ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Local Water

Subject The implications of the Red Sea-Dead Sea plan. Significance Israel and Jordan on February 26 signed an agreement to facilitate water-sharing and address the depletion of the Dead Sea, which is receding at a rate of about a metre per year. The 900 million dollar World Bank-sponsored 'Seas Canal' deal consists of two main aspects: local water exchange deals, with Jordan providing Israel with desalinated water from Aqaba in exchange for bluewater from the Sea of Galilee in the north; and saltwater transfer from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. The Palestinian Authority is not party to the agreement, and awaits a separate deal with Israel. Impacts Prospects for Palestinian-Israeli water negotiations have drastically decreased. Jordan will still need to agree further desalination and cooperation deals in order to meet demand. Water saving efforts will be pushed aside in favour of much more costly desalination. Desalination powered by burning fossil hydrocarbons accelerates global warming.

A discussion on the structure and evolution of the Red Sea and the nature of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Ethiopia rift junction - The structural pattern of the Afro-Arabian rift system in relation to plate tectonics

1970 ◽  
Vol 267 (1181) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Rift System ◽  
Gulf Of Aden ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
The Dead

The structural pattern of the Afro-Arabian rift system suggests the influence of transcurrent faulting in the development of the main branches of the system, particularly along the Dead Sea rift, the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea, and the eastern rift of Africa. Geophysical evidence indicates that the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden formed as a result of the separation of the Arabian and African continental blocks. Previously determined rotation poles about which the blocks separated neglect some structural features of the region. A satisfactory refit of Arabia to Africa can­ not be made unless some relative movements of parts of the Africa block too place. It is proposed that dextral strike-slip movements took place between Africa and Arabia along the Red Sea and that sinistral strike-slip movements occurred along the Dead Sea rift. In addition, rotation of the E. Kenya-Somalia block east of the eastern rift of Africa took place. Structural and palaeomagnetic evidence supports such movements. The structural model is compatible with the observed tectonic pattern and provides a genetic link between the formation of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the African rifts.

US and Russian policies and strategies in the Middle East: Iraq and Syria as a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Esraa Aladdin Noori ◽  
Nasser Zain AlAbidine Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Western World ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The Russian-American relations have undergone many stages of conflict and competition over cooperation that have left their mark on the international balance of power in the Middle East. The Iraqi and Syrian crises are a detailed development in the Middle East region. The Middle East region has allowed some regional and international conflicts to intensify, with the expansion of the geopolitical circle, which, if applied strategically to the Middle East region, covers the area between Afghanistan and East Asia, From the north to the Maghreb to the west and to the Sudan and the Greater Sahara to the south, its strategic importance will seem clear. It is the main lifeline of the Western world.

A review of the tectonics of the northern Middle East region

1984 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. R. Lovelock
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Continental Collision ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Plate Motion ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
The North ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Two Stages

AbstractThe structure of the northern part of the Arabian platform is reviewed in the light of hitherto unpublished exploration data and the presently accepted kinematic model of plate motion in the region. The Palmyra and Sinjar zones share a common history of development involving two stages of rifting, one in the Triassic–Jurassic and the other during late Cretaceous to early Tertiary times. Deformation of the Palmyra zone during the Mio-Pliocene is attributed to north–south compression on the eastern block of the Dead Sea transcurrent system which occurred after continental collision in the north in southeast Turkey. The asymmetry of the Palmyra zone is believed to result from northward underthrusting along the southern boundary facilitated by the presence of shallow Triassic evaporites. An important NW-SE cross-plate shear zone has been identified, which can be traced for 600 km and which controls the course of the River Euphrates over long distances in Syria and Iraq. Transcurrent motion along this zone resulted in the formation of narrow grabens during the late Cretaceous which were compressed during the Mio-Pliocene. To a large extent, present day structures in the region result from compressional reactivation of old lineaments within the Arabian plate by the transcurrent motion of the Dead Sea fault zone and subsequent continental collision.

Seismic Energy Release from Intra-Basin Sources along the Dead Sea Transform and Its Influence on Regional Ground Motions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roey Shimony ◽  
Zohar Gvirtzman ◽  
Michael Tsesarsky
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motions ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Seismic Wave Propagation ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Dead Sea Transform ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Surrounding Areas

ABSTRACT The Dead Sea Transform (DST) dominates the seismicity of Israel and neighboring countries. Whereas the instrumental catalog of Israel (1986–2017) contains mainly M<5 events, the preinstrumental catalog lists 14 M 7 or stronger events on the DST, during the past two millennia. Global Positioning System measurements show that the slip deficit in northern Israel today is equivalent to M>7 earthquake. This situation highlights the possibility that a strong earthquake may strike north Israel in the near future, raising the importance of ground-motion prediction. Deep and narrow strike-slip basins accompany the DST. Here, we study ground motions produced by intrabasin seismic sources, to understand the basin effect on regional ground motions. We model seismic-wave propagation in 3D, focusing on scenarios of Mw 6 earthquakes, rupturing different active branches of the DST. The geological model includes the major structures in northern Israel: the strike-slip basins along the DST, the sedimentary basins accompanying the Carmel fault zone, and the densely populated and industrialized Zevulun Valley (Haifa Bay area). We show that regional ground motions are determined by source–path coupling effects in the strike-slip basins, before waves propagate into the surrounding areas. In particular, ground motions are determined by the location of the rupture nucleation within the basin, the near-rupture lithology, and the basin’s local structure. When the rupture is located in the crystalline basement or along material bridges connecting opposite sides of the fault, ground motions behave predictably, decaying due to geometrical spreading and locally amplified atop sedimentary basins. By contrast, if rupture nucleates or propagates into shallow sedimentary units of the DST strike-slip basins, ground motions are amplified within, before propagating outside. Repeated reflections from the basin walls result in a “resonant chamber” effect, leading to stronger regional ground motions with prolonged durations.

scholarly journals Gitksan

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Brown ◽  
Henry Davis ◽  
Michael Schwan ◽  
Barbara Sennott
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North

Gitksan (git) is an Interior Tsimshianic language spoken in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is closely related to Nisga'a, and more distantly related to Coast Tsimshian and Southern Tsimshian. The specific dialect of Gitksan presented here is what can be called Eastern Gitksan, spoken in the villages of Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), and Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs), which contrasts with the Western dialects, spoken in the villages of Kitwanga (Gitwingax), Gitanyow (Git-anyaaw), and Kitseguecla (Gijigyukwhla). The primary phonological differences between the dialects are a lexical shift in vowels and the presence of stop lenition in the Eastern dialects. While there exists a dialect continuum, the primary cultural and political distinction drawn is between Eastern and Western Gitksan. For reference, Gitksan is bordered on the west by Nisga'a, in the south by Coast Tsimshian and Witsuwit'en, in the east by Dakelh and Sekani, and in the north by Tahltan (the latter four of these being Athabaskan languages).

The Origin of Neolithic Culture in Northern Europe

Antiquity ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 23 (91) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Childe
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Shell Mounds ◽  
Expansive Group ◽  
Megalithic Tombs

Till 1948 the coherent record of farming in Northern Europe began with the neolithic culture represented in the Danish dysser (‘dolmens’) and most readily defined by the funnel-necked beakers, collared flasks and ‘amphorae’ found therein. As early as 1910 Gustav Kossinna had remarked that these distinctive ceramic types, and accordingly the culture they defined, were not confined to the West Baltic coastlands, but recurred in the valleys of the Upper Vistula and Oder to the east, to the south as far as the Upper Elbe and in northwest Germany and Holland too. He saw in this distribution evidence for the first expansion of Urindogermanen from their cradle in the Cimbrian peninsula. In the sequel Åberg filled in the documentation of this expansion with fresh spots on the distribution map and Kossinna himself distinguished typologically four main provinces or geographical groups—the Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western. Finally Jazdrzewski gave a standard account of the whole content of what had come to be called Kultura puharów lejkowatych, Trichterbecherkultur, or Tragtbaegerkulturen. As ‘Funnel-necked-beaker culture’ is a clumsy expression and English terminology is already overloaded with ‘beakers’, I shall use the term ‘First Northern’.The orgin of this vigorous and expansive group of cultivators and herdsmen has always been an enigma. Not even Kossinna imagined that the savages of the Ertebølle shell-mounds spontaneously began cultivating cereals and breeding sheep in Denmark. As dysser were regarded as megalithic tombs and as megaliths are Atlantic phenomena, he supposed that the bases of the neolithic economy were introduced from the West together with the ‘megalithic idea’. But the First Northern Farmers of the South and East groups did not build megalithic tombs. Moreover, in the last ten years an extension of the North group across southern Sweden as far as Södermannland has come to light, and these farmers too, though they used collared flasks and funnel-necked beakers, built no dolmens either. In any case there was nothing Western about the pottery from the Danish dysser, and Western types of arrow-head are conspicuously rare in Denmark.

A gold diadem from Aegina

1987 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Reynold Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Middle Helladic ◽  
Dead Man ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Grave Goods

A recent discovery on the island of Aegina by Professor H. Walter (University of Salzburg) throws a new light on the origins of the so-called Aegina Treasure in the British Museum.In 1982 the Austrians were excavating the Bronze Age settlement on Cape Kolonna, to the north-west of Aegina town. Immediately to the east of the ruined Temple of Apollo, and close to the South Gate of the prehistoric Lower Town, they found an unrobbed shaft grave containing the burial of a warrior. The gravegoods (now exhibited in the splendid new Museum on the Kolonna site) included a bronze sword with a gold and ivory hilt, three bronze daggers, one with gold fittings, a bronze spear-head, arrowheads of obsidian, boar's tusks from a helmet, and fragments of a gold diadem (plate Va). The grave also contained Middle Minoan, Middle Cycladic, and Middle Helladic (Mattpainted) pottery. The pottery and the location of the grave in association with the ‘Ninth City’ combine to give a date for the burial of about 1700 BC; and the richness of the grave-goods would suggest that the dead man was a king.

A Reinterpretation of the Microlithic Industries of Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Wales ◽  
River Valleys

The distribution of Mesolithic sites in Wales is controlled to a great extent by the terrain, for physiographically, Wales is a highland block defined on three sides by the sea and for the greater part of the fourth side by a sharp break of slope. Geologically the Principality is composed almost entirely of Palaeozoic rocks, of which the 600-foot contour encloses more than three quarters of the total area. There are extensive regions above 1,500 feet and 2,000 feet and in the north the peaks of Snowdonia and Cader Idris rise to 3,560 feet and 2,929 feet respectively. Indeed North Wales consists of an inhospitable highland massif, skirted by a lowland plateau and cut deeply by river valleys, providing only limited areas for settlement. The hills and mountains of Snowdonia with their extension at lower altitudes into the Lleyn Peninsula, and the ranges of Moelwyn, Manod Mawr, Arenig Fach and Cader Idris, are discouraging obstacles to penetration, save for a short distance along the river valleys. To the east of these peaks are extensive tracts of upland plateau dissected by rivers, bounded on the west by the vale of the river Conway and cleft by the Vale of Clwyd. To the east of this valley lies the Clwydian Range and further again to the east these uplands descend with milder contours to the Cheshire and Shropshire plains.To the south the district merges into the uplands of Central Wales, which are continuous until they are replaced by the lowland belt of South Wales.

scholarly journals The Results of a Chemical, Microscopical and Bacteriological Examination of Samples of London Milks

1907 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Tanner Hewlett ◽  
George S. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Pure Milk

In view of the importance of a pure milk supply, we considered that it might be of interest to examine chemically, microscopically, and bacteriologically, a number of specimens of milk coming into the Metropolis for which purpose we decided to select samples from the various counties, the milk of which is consigned to London. We found that milk so consigned comes from about twenty-six counties extending from Derby in the North, to Hampshire and Devonshire in the South and South-West, and from Hereford in the West, to Norfolk in the East.

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