Decolonization and Neocolonialism
Europe’s maritime empires unraveled at the intersection of the major upheavals of the twentieth century: the defeat of the Axis Powers, postwar reconstruction, and the onset of the Cold War. Conventionally labeled “decolonization,” the far-reaching implications of the term belie its surprisingly limited temporal and interpretative reach. This chapter examines the onset of decolonization and its neocolonial afterlife through the interplay of events, agencies, and the ideas that emerged to make sense of them. It takes its point of departure in the intellectual rumblings of the interwar years, culminating in the “Wind of Change” era in colonial Africa in the early 1960s—precisely the time when “decolonization” found a permanent foothold in the political lexicon. Significantly, no sooner had the term become common currency than its political antonym, “neocolonialism,” was promptly pressed into service. As such, the two phenomena were deeply implicated in each other’s formative historical context.