The War Lords and the Gallipoli Disaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Government ◽  
Strategic Objective ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imported Food ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military

This book offers a new history of an old subject: the genesis of Britain’s disastrous 1915 Dardanelles campaign. It also offers a new history of a new subject—the strategic implications of globalization—because in order to comprehend the former, it is necessary to grasp the latter. Thanks to the development of the international wheat market during the late nineteenth century, the British government came to realize that the national dependence upon imported food had become the Achilles heel of the British Empire. The book shows how the disruption of the global wheat trade during the early months of the First World War exceeded the government’s worst nightmare. By January 1915, the rising price of bread and consequent threat of social unrest required a political response. It came in the form of a seemingly unrelated event: the disastrous British attack at Gallipoli in the spring of 1915. Contrary to all previous narratives which argue this was done for the military–strategic objective of relieving pressure on the Western Front, this books demonstrates that the British government authorized the attack for mainly political–economic reasons: to open the flow of grain from Russia through the Dardanelles in order to bring down the politically dangerous level of bread prices in Britain, and to enable Russia to export wheat and earn foreign exchange that would obviate the need for huge British loans to support its war effort. In so doing, the book offers a case study of grand strategic policymaking under pressure.

From the history of the military past of composer and conductor Boris Galaev

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Felix S. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Boris Alexandrovich Galaev is known as an outstanding composer, folklorist, conductor, educator, musical and public figure. He has a great merit in the development of musical culture in South Ossetia. All the musical activity of B.A. Galaev is studied and analyzed in detail. In most of the biographies of B.A. Galaev about his participation in the First World War, there is only one proposal that he served in the army and was a bandmaster. For the first time in historiography the participation of B.A. Galaev is analyzed, and it is found out what positions he held, what awards he received, in which battles he participated. Based on the identified documentary sources, for the first time in historiography, it occured that B.A. Galaev was an active participant in the First World War on the Caucasian Front. He went on attacks, both on foot and horse formation, was in reconnaissance, maintained communication between units, received military awards. During this period, he did not have time to study his favorite music, since, according to the documents, he was constantly at the front, in the battle formations of the advanced units. He had to forget all this heroic past and tried not to mention it ever after. Therefore, this period of his life was not studied by the researchers of his biography. For writing this work, the author uses the Highest Orders on the Ranks of the Military and the materials of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA).

Mind Cure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wakoh Shannon Hickey
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First Americans ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Political Economic

Mindfulness is widely claimed to improve health and performance, and historians typically say that efforts to promote meditation and yoga therapeutically began in the 1970s. In fact, they began much earlier, and that early history offers important lessons for the present and future. This book traces the history of mind-body medicine from eighteenth-century Mesmerism to the current Mindfulness boom and reveals how religion, race, and gender have shaped events. Many of the first Americans to advocate meditation for healing were women leaders of the Mind Cure movement, which emerged in the late nineteenth century. They believed that by transforming their consciousness, they could also transform oppressive circumstances in which they lived, and some were activists for social reform. Trained by Buddhist and Hindu missionaries, these women promoted meditation through personal networks, religious communities, and publications. Some influenced important African American religious movements, as well. For women and black men, Mind Cure meant not just happiness but liberation in concrete political, economic, and legal terms. The Mind Cure movement exerted enormous pressure on mainstream American religion and medicine, and in response, white, male doctors and clergy with elite academic credentials appropriated some of its methods and channeled them into scientific psychology and medicine. As mental therapeutics became medicalized, individualized, and then commodified, the religious roots of meditation, like the social justice agendas of early Mind Curers, fell away. After tracing how we got from Mind Cure to Mindfulness, this book reveals what got lost in the process.

CHANGING LANGUAGES OF EMPIRE AND THE ORIENT: BRITAIN AND THE INVENTION OF THE MIDDLE EAST, 1917–1918

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES RENTON
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
British Government ◽  
War Effort ◽  
International Demand ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Great War

ABSTRACTDuring the last two years of the Great War the British government undertook a global propaganda campaign to generate support for the military advance into the Near East, British post-war domination of the region, and the war effort in general. The objective was to transform how the West and the peoples of the Ottoman empire perceived the Orient, its future, and the British empire. To fit with the international demand that the war should be fought for the cause of national self-determination, the Orient was re-defined as the Middle East: a region of oppressed nations that required liberation and tutelage by Britain and the entente. Great Britain was portrayed as the pre-eminent champion of the principle of nationality, which was behind its move into the Middle East. It is argued in this article that these narratives constituted a significant change in Western representations of the Orient and the British empire.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 568-574
Author(s):  
M.B. Magulov
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

This article examines the historical and military-historical research of Soviet, Kazakh and Russian scientists, the history of the creation of the armed forces on the territory of Kazakhstan, their formation and development. In Soviet historiography, the development of all national republics, especially their military history, was interpreted through the prism of the history of Russia or the Russian people. For many years, materials from this period (from the beginning of the 20th century until the collapse of the USSR) were not covered in the historical literature. For ideological reasons, the colonial policy of the Russian Empire was hushed up, especially during the First World War, when the "eastern aliens" were not drafted into the regular army, were used only in rear work, because the ruling elite did not trust them with weapons. This period has now begun to be viewed in a different way on the basis of new sources and began to acquire new content. At the same time, the author is guided by such a principle of scientific knowledge as historicism, consistency, comparatively comparable analysis and generalization.

scholarly journals Sulle origini del corporativismo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Petri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Democracy ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First World

The purpose of the present chapter is to provide some hints to the history of the concept of ‘corporation’. It aims to illustrate the meaning of corpus in Roman law and the characteristics of medieval guilds, to examine the semantic constants of the concept and its variants up to, and in part beyond, the First World War. The chapter will briefly discuss the ideas of Bentham and Saint-Simon, Mill’s concept of ‘economic democracy’, the communitarian alternatives to late-nineteenth-century liberalism, and the early theories of management and the firm that developed partly in parallel with the rise of fascist policies in Europe and the Technocracy movement in America, which cannot be treated here.

Kemal Atuturk in the art of republican Turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Goroshkov
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The article analyzes how the personality of the first president of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, is reflected in contemporary Turkish art. This year marks exactly 140 years since his birth. To his achievements in the military and political arenas, cultural figures have dedicated many works in the visual arts, architecture, literature and cinema.  The trace of the first president of the Republic of Turkey remained in the works of both his contemporaries and in the works of authors today. Creativity is multifaceted, inspiration has no boundaries, along with them, culture was freed from prohibitions with the beginning of a new page in the history of the country. Her achievements became available to more people, the opportunity to touch the spiritual life and create it opened up along with the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Pasha to wide layers of the population. Immortal works have preserved for posterity the image of the father of the Turkish nation, and a characteristic feature of these works is the author's personal admiration for the deeds of Gazi. This undoubtedly leaves its mark on the work and the way in which a person is shown in the context of history, who took fate and the entire people into his own hands, mired in political, economic, cultural crises. But before giving an answer to the question "Who are you, Father of the Turks?", it is important, in our opinion, briefly to draw attention to the historical retrospective of the development of Turkish culture under the influence of the policy of two states that appeared, flourished and fell into decay on the peninsula of Asia Minor. The article briefly examines some of the features of the cultural policy of the last years of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the republic.

Honduras: All-Purpose Militarization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Mani
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Civilian Control ◽  
Civic Action ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military

The Honduran military has a long history of established roles oriented toward both external defense and internal security and civic action. Since the end of military rule in 1982, the military has remained a key political, economic, and social actor. Politically, the military retains a constitutional mandate as guarantor of the political system and enforcer of electoral rules. Economically, its officers direct state enterprises and manage a massive pension fund obscured from public audit. Socially, the military takes on numerous civic action tasks—building infrastructure, conserving forests, providing healthcare, and policing crime—that make the state appear to be useful to its people and bring the military into direct contact with the public almost daily. As a result, the military has ranked high in public trust in comparison with other institutions of the state. Most significantly, the military has retained the role of arbiter in the Honduran political system. This became brutally clear in the coup of 2009 that removed the elected president, Manuel Zelaya. Although new rules enhancing civilian control of the military had been instituted during the 1990s, the military’s authority in politics was restored through the coup that ousted Zelaya. As no civilian politician can succeed without support for and from the military, the missions of the armed forces have expanded substantially so that the military is an “all-purpose” institution within a remarkably weak and increasingly corrupt state.

The Postwar Moment

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Joshua Cole
Keyword(s):  
Local Elections ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Emergency ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The First World War was an important turning point in the history of French Algeria because many Algerians—both citizens and colonial subjects—participated in the war effort. The participation of Muslim Algerians in this national emergency created pressures for reform, resulting in a new law in 1919 that gave many Algerian Muslims the right to vote and run for office in local elections. This chapter explores the immediate consequences of this development along with an episode of anti-Jewish agitation in 1921 in Constantine when Muslim residents of the city refused to respond to attempts by settler anti-Semites to incite violence against the city’s Jews.

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