Outline of Crystallography for Biologists

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blow
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Extensive Reference ◽  
Reference Section

Outline of Crystallography for Biologists is intended for researchers and students in the biological sciences who require an insight into the methods of X-ray crystallography without needing to learn all the relevant theory. The main text is purely descriptive and is readable by those with minimal mathematical knowledge. Some mathematical detail is given throughout in boxes, but these can be ignored. Theory is limited to the essentials required to comprehend issues of quality. There is an extensive reference section and suggestions for further reading for those who wish to delve deeper. The first part 'Fundamentals' presents the underlying ideas which allow x-ray structure analysis to be carried out and provides an appropriate background to courses in structural determination. The second part 'Practice' gives more information about the procedures employed in the course of crystal structure determination. The emphasis is on the quality measures of X-ray diffraction analysis to give the reader a critical insight into the quality and accuracy of a structure determination and to enable the reader to appreciate which parts of a structure determination may have caused special difficulty. There is no pretence of completeness and many matters discussed in standard crystallography texts are deliberately omitted. However, issues not brought out in the standard texts are discussed, making it a useful resource for non-practising crystallographers as well.

Frontier methods in coherent X-ray diffraction for high-resolution structure determination

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Gallagher-Jones ◽  
Jose A. Rodriguez ◽  
Jianwei Miao
Keyword(s):  
Structure Determination ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffractive Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coherent Diffractive Imaging ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Max Von Laue ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
High Resolution Structure

AbstractIn 1912, Max von Laue and collaborators first observed diffraction spots from a millimeter-sized crystal of copper sulfate using an X-ray tube. Crystallography was born of this experiment, and since then, diffraction by both X-rays and electrons has revealed a myriad of inorganic and organic structures, including structures of complex protein assemblies. Advancements in X-ray sources have spurred a revolution in structure determination, facilitated by the development of new methods. This review explores some of the frontier methods that are shaping the future of X-ray diffraction, including coherent diffractive imaging, serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering. Collectively, these methods expand the current limits of structure determination in biological systems across multiple length and time scales.

scholarly journals On the Contribution of A McL Mathieson to Crystallography

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Sylvia L Mair ◽  
Stephen W Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Crystal Structure Determination ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography

We briefly describe some of the main contributions of Dr A. McL. Mathieson to various aspects of X-ray crystallography, including his contributions to: (i) crystal structure determination; (ii) the development of X-ray diffraction instruments; and (iii) measurement procedures.

scholarly journals A pipeline for structure determination ofin vivo-grown crystals usingin cellulodiffraction

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Boudes ◽  
Damià Garriga ◽  
Andrew Fryga ◽  
Tom Caradoc-Davies ◽  
Fasséli Coulibaly
Keyword(s):  
Structure Determination ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Replacement Method ◽  
Isomorphous Replacement ◽  
Iodine Compounds ◽  
Cellular Context

While structure determination from micrometre-sized crystals used to represent a challenge, serial X-ray crystallography on microfocus beamlines at synchrotron and free-electron laser facilities greatly facilitates this process today for microcrystals and nanocrystals. In addition to typical microcrystals of purified recombinant protein, these advances have enabled the analysis of microcrystals produced inside living cells. Here, a pipeline where crystals are grown in insect cells, sorted by flow cytometry and directly analysed by X-ray diffraction is presented and applied toin vivo-grown crystals of the recombinant CPV1 polyhedrin. When compared with the analysis of purified crystals,in cellulodiffraction produces data of better quality and a gain of ∼0.35 Å in resolution for comparable beamtime usage. Importantly, crystals within cells are readily derivatized with gold and iodine compounds through the cellular membrane. Using the multiple isomorphous replacement method, a near-complete model was autobuilt from 2.7 Å resolution data. Thus, in favourable cases, anin cellulopipeline can replace the complete workflow of structure determination without compromising the quality of the resulting model. In addition to its efficiency, this approach maintains the protein in a cellular context throughout the analysis, which reduces the risk of disrupting transient or labile interactions in protein–protein or protein–ligand complexes.

From Penicillin to the Ribosome: Revolutions in the Determination and Use of Molecular Structure in Chemistry and Biology

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward N. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Structural Genomics ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Structure Based Drug Design ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography

A revolution in structural analysis is in progress in the biological sciences that parallels a similar revolution that took place in chemistry 40–50 years ago. This has major implications for chemistry, offering exciting opportunities at the interface between chemistry and biology. The advances are driven by the value of structural information in biology, for understanding biological function, and for applications in structure-based drug design and structural genomics. Two directions are apparent: towards technically challenging biological structures and assemblies, typified by the potassium channel and the ribosome; and towards high-throughput structure determination of many, smaller, proteins, as in structural genomics. In this review, the advances in molecular biology and in structure determination by X-ray crystallography that make these developments possible are discussed, together with appropriate examples.

scholarly journals Discovery of Fe7O9: a new iron oxide with a complex monoclinic structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Sinmyo ◽  
Elena Bykova ◽  
Sergey V. Ovsyannikov ◽  
Catherine McCammon ◽  
Ilya Kupenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Iron oxides are fundamentally important compounds for basic and applied sciences as well as in numerous industrial applications. In this work we report the synthesis and investigation of a new binary iron oxide with the hitherto unknown stoichiometry of Fe7O9. This new oxide was synthesized at high-pressure high-temperature (HP-HT) conditions, and its black single crystals were successfully recovered at ambient conditions. By means of single crystal X-ray diffraction we determined that Fe7O9 adopts a monoclinic C2/m lattice with the most distorted crystal structure among the binary iron oxides known to date. The synthesis of Fe7O9 opens a new portal to exotic iron-rich (M,Fe)7O9 oxides with unusual stoichiometry and distorted crystal structures. Moreover, the crystal structure and phase relations of such new iron oxide groups may provide new insight into the cycling of volatiles in the Earth’s interior.

Structure determination of ultrathin NbSe2 films by Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction

1994 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Shimada ◽  
Yukito Furukawa ◽  
Etsuo Arakawa ◽  
Kunikazu Takeshita ◽  
Tadashi Matsushita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Determination ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray
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