Turbulence and Order in Economic Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel Gray
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

The terms of debate on the role of institutions in economic development are changing. Stable market institutions, in particular secure private property rights and democratically accountable governments that uphold the rule of law, are widely seen to be a prerequisite for economic transformation in low-income countries. Yet over the last thirty years, economic growth and structural transformation has surged forward in a range of countries where market and state institutions have differed from these ideals, as well as from each other. This book studies the role of the state in economic transformation in two such countries, Tanzania and Vietnam. These were two of the poorest countries in the world in the early 1980s but, over the last thirty years, both have experienced significant changes in the pace and character of economic development. While both countries experienced faster rates of GDP growth, their paths of economic transformation were very different. Vietnam experienced rapid manufacturing growth and poverty reduction while Tanzania’s path of economic change was characterized by the rise of mining and a much slower pace of poverty reduction. Employing a political settlements approach, this book argues that their paths of economic transformation were mediated by the lasting influence of differences in the institutions and distributions of power that had been forged during the socialist period. The comparison generates new insights into the variable relationship between political order and economic outcomes.

Market Access, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in a Kaldorian framework

2017 ◽  
pp. 54-80
Author(s):  
Massoud Karshenas ◽  
Willem Van der Geest
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Incidence Trends

The role of access to markets in industrialized countries for economic development and poverty reduction in low-income countries is investigated. The conditions under which economic growth and exports have a statistically robust effect on poverty reduction are demonstrated for a large number of low-income countries that suffer from mass poverty. Export growth is particularly important in providing both the initial stimulus for economic growth as well as the conditions for its long-term sustainability. Using cross-country time-series data for a sample of 89 countries for which long-term poverty incidence trends could be matched to growth and export performances, it is argued that countries with a high incidence of poverty have no option except a growth-cum-export strategy to reduce poverty. Redistributive policies to reduce poverty further are mainly a distinct option for countries that have already achieved a moderate level of poverty as well as higher per capita incomes. As Kaldor had emphasized as early as 1964, the lack of market access in industrial countries is an important contributing factor in hindering economic development and poverty reduction. Following Kaldor’s insights, this paper demonstrates that restricting market access prevents a large number of countries at the lowest ranks of the poverty ladder to escape extreme poverty.

scholarly journals Globalization, economic development, and corruption: A cross-lagged contingency perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachida Aïssaoui ◽  
Frances Fabian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contingency Perspective

AbstractThe 2020 health and economic crisis has exacerbated tensions and debates over whether globalization benefits economic development, as countries face both pressures to enhance economic opportunities through globalization and populist movements seeking protection from global forces. We first review perspectives that offer competing evidence about the role of globalization in regard to economic development and corruption. Drawing on resource dependence and institutional theory, we test the two contingencies of the country’s stage of economic development (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high) and the globalization dimension (economic, social, political) at play to reconcile competing findings. Using a cross-lagged panel design, we show that these contingencies significantly explain when and what type of globalization can benefit a country’s economy and affect corruption. In doing so, the study provides a platform for future research, and identifies important patterns that can better guide policymaking. Among other results, we find low-income countries’ GDP and corruption benefit the most from the formal dimensions of globalization. With increased wealth, countries are more responsive to the legitimacy accrued with the informal dimensions of globalization, which we find comes at the expense of economic efficiency for high-income countries.

scholarly journals STATE AS THE MAIN INSTITUTIONAL AND STRATEGIC SUBJECT OF ELABORATION AND IMPLEMENTATIONOF THE INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
A.M. VDOVICHENKO ◽  
O.V. KALINCHAK ◽  
M.A. KUZNETSOVA
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Role Of The State

Topicality. The effect of modern globalization processes leading to escalating competition make it actual and necessary to learn historical studies of implementing reforms worldwide and the role of the state in the process of institutional transformation provided by highly developed countries of the world. Therefore, the present day the key issue of Ukraine resolving which has the theoretical and practical importance is the issue of the institutional modernization with defining the role and placing of the state on course of implementing and supporting the innovative and sustainable development. Aim and tasks: to prove, on the basis of learning the historical studies of implementing reforms worldwide and the role of the state in the process of institutional transformation, that at the present stage of human development it is the state that is in a role of the main institutional strategic subject of the innovative and sustainable development strategy that has the practical importance for defining the direction of the further social and economic transformation in Ukraine. Research results. The article is focused on that the market system in its classical form is past the point of the historical development. Gradually, in view of objective reasons, the placing and functions of the state have been changing in the direction of consolidation of its role, direct dealing with resolving fateful issues. Nowadays in successful and developed countries it is the main institutional and strategic subject of mixed economic system, one of its organization components. The overview of historical experience of the reform implement in countries that have achieved substantial gains proves that these gains are connected with the institutional reformations with the state being in the heart of them. On the other hand, dogmatical proclamation of private property privileges under any circumstances and at the same time the removal of the state from resolving fateful issues, the glamorization of the market of Ukraine and as a result � system error while choosing and implementing the model of economic development, have led to the formation of oligarchic capitalism with the objective traits peculiar to it. Therefore, the present day the issue must be not the reforms modernization and intensification but the change of their rates, the economy management philosophy in general. Conclusion. The research that had been made gave an opportunity to substantiate the attitude of the authors being that without the complex system support of the real sector of economy with the focus on innovation, without consolidation of state property and its institutes including those on the backs of reprivatizing the strategically important enterprises as the fundamental principle of the future economy of Ukraine the fateful issues would be impossible to resolve.

Presence through absence? Understanding the role of capital in the African Human Rights Action Plan

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-600
Author(s):  
Obiora Chinedu Okafor ◽  
Sanaa Ahmed ◽  
Sylvia Bawa ◽  
Ibironke Odumosu-Ayanu
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
Market Practices

AbstractThis study examines the African Human Rights Action Plan (AHRAP) through the lens of Upendra Baxi's germinal theory on the emergence in our time of a ‘trade-related, market-friendly human rights’ (TREMF) thesis that is challenging the specific understandings of ‘people-centric’ human rights that are predicated in the letter and spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDH). Baxi contends, instead, that the dominant strands of the contemporary understandings of human rights are – for the most part – designed to protect the interests of global capital. That said, human rights frameworks in low-income countries need to be studied with a view to what they say and don't say about global capital. Despite its attempt to facilitate a progressive realisation of human rights in Africa, the AHRAP does not rise far enough above the TREMF paradigm to re-locate itself within the UDH one. This is due to the AHRAP not adequately theorising and analysing the role of capital in the (non)realisation of human rights in Africa. By allowing trade and market practices to slip to a significant extent beyond its purview, the AHRAP privileges – to a significant degree – the needs/interests of capital over the human rights of ordinary Africans. That is, the victims of the excesses of capital in Africa are reincarnated in the AHRAP document by the fact of their exclusion from it.

scholarly journals State-building for the market economy in Eastern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-491
Author(s):  
Paul Hare
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
New States ◽  
The Eu

AbstractKornai's earlier works embodied the idea that state institutions formed a system with a strong tendency to reproduce itself, and hence to resist minor reforms. Thus, at the end of socialism, huge changes were needed in politics, economics, and the law to build a new system oriented towards the market-type economy, which would again be stable, self-reinforcing and self-sustaining. Transition promoted the development of new states in Eastern Europe that conformed to the Copenhagen criteria for the EU accession. Were we too hasty in thinking that we had succeeded? The new systems are not returning to the previous one, and only in a few areas have the basic norms of a market-type economy been set aside in Hungary or Poland. But concerns arise at the interface between politics, law and economics – to do with the rule of law, the nature and role of the state, and the interactions between parliament, the executive and the judiciary. Unavoidably, there is also an interesting international dimension here, represented by the shift from the Warsaw Pact and CMEA to NATO and the EU. This paper explores these issues in the light of some of Kornai's recent analysis of developments in Hungary, while also drawing on his very insightful earlier works.

scholarly journals Next generation sequencing of RB1gene for the molecular diagnosis of ethnic minority with retinoblastoma in Yunnan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaiyu Gu ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Yi-shuang Xiao ◽  
Ru Shen ◽  
Hong-chao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Single Nucleotide Variants ◽  
Bioinformatics Pipeline ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background: Retinoblastoma is a rare intraocular malignancy and typically initiated by inactivating biallelic mutations of RB1 gene. Each year, ~8,000 children worldwide are diagnosed for retinoblastoma. In high-income countries, patient survival is over 95% while low-income countries is ~30%.If disease is diagnosed early and treated in centers specializing in retinoblastoma, the survival might exceed 95% and many eyes could be safely treated and support a lifetime of good vision. In China, approximate 1,100 newly diagnosed cases are expected annually and 28 hospitals covering 25 provinces established centers classified by expertise and resources for better treatment options and follow-up. Comparing with other province of eastern China, Yunnan province is remote geographically. This might result that healthcare staff have low awareness of the role of genetic testing in management and screening in families.Methods: The patients with retinoblastoma were selected in Yunnan. DNA from blood was used for targeted gene sequencing. Then, an in-house bioinformatics pipeline was done to detect both single nucleotide variants and small insertions/deletions. The pathogenic mutations were identified and further confirmed by conventional methods and cosegregation in families.Results: Using our approach, targeted next generation sequencing was used to detect the mutation of these 12 probands. Bioinformatic predictions showed that nine mutations were found in our study and four were novel pathogenic variants in these nine mutations.Conclusions: It’s the first report to describe RB1 mutations in Yunnan children with retinoblastoma. This study would improve role of genetic testing for management and family screening.

scholarly journals CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF THE STATE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1(13)) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Petrovych Beglytsia ◽  
◽  
Olena Oleksandrivna Tsyplitska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Of The State
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document