Investments in Women, Economic Development, and Improvements in Health in Low-Income Countries

1989 ◽  
Vol 569 (1 Biomedical Sc) ◽  
pp. 288-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. PAUL SCHULTZ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries

scholarly journals The Effect of Globalization on Economic Development Indicators: An Inter-Regional Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Antonio Martín Cervantes ◽  
Nuria Rueda López ◽  
Salvador Cruz Rambaud
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
Double Character

Background: The analysis of the problems derived from globalization has become one of the most densely studied topics at the beginning of this millennium, as they can have a crucial impact on present and future sustainable development. This paper analyzes the differential patterns of globalization in four worldwide areas predefined by The World Bank (namely, High-, Upper-Middle-, Lower-Middle-, and Low-Income countries). The main objective of this work is to estimate the effect of globalization on some economic development indicators (specifically per capita income and public expenditure on health) in 217 countries over the period 2000–2016. Methods: Our empirical approach is based on the implementation of a novel econometric methodology: The so-called Toda–Yamamoto procedure, which has been used to analyze the possible causal relationships between the involved variables. We employ World Development Indicators, provided by The World Bank, and the KOF Globalization Index, elaborated by the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. Results: The results show that there is a causal relationship in the sense of Granger between globalization and public expenditure on health, except in High-Income countries. This can be interpreted both negatively and positively, confirming the double character of globalization, as indicated by Stiglitz.

Population Growth and Economic Development in Low-Income Countries.

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
F. Benham ◽  
Ansley J. Coale ◽  
Edgar M. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries

scholarly journals The Economics of Climate – Resilient Development – A Book Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Mohamad Buheji
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
The World

The “Economics of Climate-Resilient Development” present a comprehensive mitigation plan to avoid future socio-economic crisis. The authors foresight that unless strategies are adapt effectively and efficiently today by the different communities and specially in the developing low income countries, the world would be vulnerable to economic shocks that never been experienced before.The book can be considered unique since it linked the economic development with the techniques of adaptation. It coincides with work the reviewer published about resilience economy where approaches for enhancing people and communities are explained in order to reach the minimum expected adaptability and flexibility. Buheji (2018a, 2018b).However, the work of Fankhauser and McDermott (2016) greatly focus on climate change, as the main challenge of economic development. The work would be greater if the editors ensure more inclusion and details on the nature of human being journeys.The issue of poverty covered in the book is a good example of foresighted socio-economic risk that needs to be mitigated to avoid deterioration due to many conditions that mostly would be uncontrollable due external unforeseen factors. In an earlier work, these factors were seen the cause for more complexity of the business models, which required proactive resilient practices, Buheji (2017).

Impact of the institutional quality on NAFTA's international trade: a system GMM approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Heo ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen ◽  
Nguyen Khanh Doanh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Trade Elasticity

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the impacts of institutional quality on trade flows of NAFTA with a panel data set of 105 countries spanning the period 2006–2017.Design/methodology/approachWe applied the system generalized method of moment (GMM) estimator to investigate the impacts.FindingsThe results show that institutional quality is a positive and significant determinant of international trade flows of the NAFTA bloc and its trading partners. Our results also indicate that the impact of institutional quality depends on the level of economic development of NAFTA's trading partners. Specifically, the trade elasticity of institutional quality is the highest for NAFTA’s trade with middle-income countries and the lowest for NAFTA's trade with low-income countries. In the long run, the trade elasticity of institutional quality increased significantly, with the highest increase in the case of NAFTA's trade with medium-income countries and the lowest increase in the case of NAFTA's trade with low-income countries.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature in three different ways. First, we examine the differential impact of institutions on NAFTA's trade according to the level of economic development of NAFTA's trading partners. Second, we compare the differential trade elasticity of institutional quality in the long run. Finally, we support our findings through an improved research methodology by using the system GMM estimation. This method allows us to overcome the potential sample bias, omitted variable problems and endogeneity of explanatory variables.

scholarly journals Corruption, Economic Development and Haze Pollution: Evidence from 139 Global Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajie Liu ◽  
Feng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Per Capita

Long-term exposure to haze pollution will not only affect citizens’ health and shorten their life expectancy, but also cause unpredictable economic losses. In addition, it has become the focus of worldwide concern whether and how institutional quality affects haze pollution. In this study, we explored the impacts of political corruption on haze pollution in 139 global countries. We employed a geographical detector model to identify the driving factors of spatial differentiation in global haze pollution. In addition, corruption degree and per capita gross domestic production (GDP) were used as threshold variables to analyze whether there is a nonlinear relationship between corruption and haze pollution. The main results are as follows. (1) The corruption perception index (CPI) was negatively correlated with haze pollution and had a strong and stable explanatory power for the heterogeneity of haze pollution. Besides, the degree of corruption had a significant triple threshold effect on haze pollution. When the CPI crossed the double threshold value, strengthening institutional quality could inhibit haze pollution. (2) Per capita GDP significantly determined how institutional quality exerted an effect on haze pollution, which was also a key factor affecting spatial heterogeneity of PM2.5 concentration. In high-income countries, choosing a more honest ruling party could substantially reduce haze pollution, while in low-income countries, an incompetent government could increase the degree of haze pollution. (3) The “Matthew effect” was manifested in our study. It indicated that the higher was the level of economic development, the lower was the severity of haze pollution. Based on these results, we state that policy makers cannot simply alleviate haze pollution through anti-corruption construction. For low-income countries, ensuring economic growth is the prerequisite for the substantial alleviation of haze pollution. On the contrary, high-income countries should pay more attention to the integrity of government institutions and strengthen the awareness of anti-corruption.

Turbulence and Order in Economic Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel Gray
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

The terms of debate on the role of institutions in economic development are changing. Stable market institutions, in particular secure private property rights and democratically accountable governments that uphold the rule of law, are widely seen to be a prerequisite for economic transformation in low-income countries. Yet over the last thirty years, economic growth and structural transformation has surged forward in a range of countries where market and state institutions have differed from these ideals, as well as from each other. This book studies the role of the state in economic transformation in two such countries, Tanzania and Vietnam. These were two of the poorest countries in the world in the early 1980s but, over the last thirty years, both have experienced significant changes in the pace and character of economic development. While both countries experienced faster rates of GDP growth, their paths of economic transformation were very different. Vietnam experienced rapid manufacturing growth and poverty reduction while Tanzania’s path of economic change was characterized by the rise of mining and a much slower pace of poverty reduction. Employing a political settlements approach, this book argues that their paths of economic transformation were mediated by the lasting influence of differences in the institutions and distributions of power that had been forged during the socialist period. The comparison generates new insights into the variable relationship between political order and economic outcomes.

scholarly journals Leading Dragon Phenomenon: New Opportunities for Catch-up in Low-Income Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Chandra ◽  
Justin Yifu Lin ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Current View ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Modern Economic

Modern economic development is accompanied by the structural transformation from an agrarian to an industrial economy. Since the 18th century, all countries that industrialized successfully have followed their comparative advantages and leveraged the latecomer advantage, including emerging market economies such as the People's Republic of China (PRC), India, and Indonesia. The current view is that Chinese dominance in manufacturing hinders poor countries from developing similar industries. We argue that rising labor cost is causing the PRC to graduate from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries. This will result in the relocation of low-skill manufacturing jobs to other low-wage countries. This process, which we call the “leading dragon phenomenon,” offers an unprecedented opportunity to low-income countries. Such economies can seize this opportunity by attracting the rising outward foreign direct investment flowing from Brazil, the PRC, India, and Indonesia into the manufacturing sectors. All low-income countries can compete for the jobs spillover from the PRC and other emerging economies, but the winner must implement credible economic development strategies that are consistent with its comparative advantage.

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