Subtractive MLM and Prosodically Defective Morphemes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Standard Assumption ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data

It is shown how the theory of PDM accounts for instances of subtractive MLM—the empirical phenomenon that is notoriously challenging for the claim that morphology is additive. Two general mechanisms inside PDM can predict subtractive MLM: usurpation of moras and the defective integration of morphemic prosodic nodes. Usurpation can arise if a segment underlyingly lacks a mora and ‘usurps’ it from a neighbouring segment that is hence deprived of it. In the second scenario, a prosodic node that is underlyingly not integrated into the higher/lower prosodic structure is affixed to a base and remains defectively integrated in the output. Given the standard assumption that only elements properly integrated under the highest prosodic node of the prosodic hierarchy are visible for the phonetics, this affix node and everything it dominates remain phonetically uninterpreted. It is shown how all attested types of subtractive MLM in the representative data set fall out from these two basic mechanisms.

Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.

The Concept of Academic Mobility: Normative and Methodological Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1625-1664
Author(s):  
Rafael Quintana ◽  
Richard Correnti
Keyword(s):  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Achievement Gaps ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Most of the literature on the development of educational inequality has operated under the achievement gaps paradigm, often assuming that the underlying normative and methodological foundations related to equality and justice in education are a settled matter. In this article, we argue that important normative dimensions are overlooked with traditional mean-based measures, and that metrics that capture students’ academic mobility as they progress through school can provide the informational base needed to describe and evaluate these policy and socially relevant aspects. We discuss some key normative principles and methodological dimensions related to academic mobility and provide an empirical example of the mobility metrics presented using a nationally representative data set.

War Making and the Building of State Capacity: Expanding the Bivariate Relationship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Rasler ◽  
William R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

A central cleavage in the war making-state making literature is between advocates of the notion that warfare has been the principal path to developing stronger states and critics who argue that the relationship no longer holds, especially in non-European contexts. It is suggested that the problem is simply one of theoretical specification. Increasingly intensive warfare, as manifested in European combat, made states stronger. Less intensive warfare, particularly common after 1945, is less likely to do so. Empirical analysis of a more representative data set on state capacity (revenues as a proportion of gross domestic product [GDP]), focusing on cases since 1870, strongly supports this point of view. The intensiveness of war is not the only factor at work—regime type and win/loss outcomes matter as well—but the relationship does not appear to be constrained by the level of development.

IT Outsourcing and Firm Characteristics

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ludivine Martin ◽  
Nicolas Poussing
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
It Outsourcing ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Nationally Representative

This paper seeks to identify the characteristics of firms that choose to transfer all or at least part of the fulfilment of their information technology needs to an outside party. The authors focus both on outsourcing and on offshoring. With a statistical approach, based on a large and nationally representative data set at the firm unit level, the authors look at the profiles of firms that have decided to outsource and/or offshore at least part of their ICT activities. The authors show that the firms with the most specific ICT needs choose to acquire these services from external suppliers or firms located abroad. The firms with the highest level of ICT investment are also the firms that choose to resort to outsourcing to a great extent.

scholarly journals What to do when the results are insufficient: lessons from the excavation of a cairn field at Eikebakken, Øvre Øksnevad, Klepp

AmS-Varia ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Theo Bell Gil ◽  
Sean D. Denham
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Project Plan ◽  
Rapid Excavation ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Settlement Areas

The cairn field at Eikebakken, Øvre Øksnevad, Klepp municipality, Rogaland, Norway, was excavated over the course of 26 weeks in the summer of 2016. The site had undergone an initial survey in 2008, indicating a total of 79 cairns. However, when the site was uncovered a total of 103 stone built structures were identified, as well as three separate settlement areas and evidence of prehistoric farming. The initial project plan and budget were written with the idea of focusing on a smaller number of more thoroughly excavated (i.e. single-context) cairns. The increased number of structures made this plan untenable. As the excavation progressed it also became clear that the single-context method was not returning the amount of data required. The excavation thus went through several major shifts in strategy in response to, primarily, the archaeology and the need to develop a representative data set, but also time/budgetary constraints and available labor resources. The strategy ultimately settled upon involved a much more rapid excavation of a larger number of cairns with a focus on the use of environmental evidence from the cairns, particularly material suitable for radiocarbon dating, but also a range of other methodologies, as a means of understanding the development of the cairn field. This article will discuss both the methodologies and prioritizations involved in the excavation and will present some brief, initial results.

The complete empirical picture of MLM and the linearization of morphemes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Background Information ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Empirical Generalizations ◽  
Locality Restriction

This chapter presents the representative data set of MLM phenomena which is the base for the theoretical arguments put forth in this book. After giving some general background information about the data set and how it is genetically and areally balanced, the empirical generalizations about (un)attested MLM patterns that can be drawn from this data set are discussed in detail, with a special focus on the positions in the base that are possible and frequent targets for MLM operations. Two main generalizations hold for the MLM patterns in the data set: MLM patterns show a strong edge bias and are far more frequently attested at the right edge of their base than on the left edge. How the locality restriction for MLM follows from the theoretical assumptions about morpheme linearization and especially the assumption of the RecoverableMorphemeOrderCondition proposed in this book is shown in detail.

Early Predictors of ASD in Young Children Using a Nationally Representative Data Set

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie M. Jeans ◽  
Rosa Milagros Santos ◽  
Daniel J. Laxman ◽  
Brent A. McBride ◽  
W. Justin Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Early Predictors ◽  
Nationally Representative

scholarly journals Fractional SIR Epidemiological Models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirhossein Taghvaei ◽  
Tryphon T. Georgiou ◽  
Larry Norton ◽  
Allen Tannenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Strong Mixing ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Fractional Powers ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Standard Assumption ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Disease Propagation ◽  
Standard Product ◽  
Early Phases

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to make a case for epidemiological models with fractional exponent in the contribution of sub-populations to the transmission rate. More specifically, we question the standard assumption in the literature on epidemiological models, where the transmission rate dictating propagation of infections is taken to be proportional to the product between the infected and susceptible sub-populations; a model that relies on strong mixing between the two groups and widespread contact between members of the groups. We content, that contact between infected and susceptible individuals, especially during the early phases of an epidemic, takes place over a (possibly diffused) boundary between the respective sub-populations. As a result, the rate of transmission depends on the product of fractional powers instead. The intuition relies on the fact that infection grows in geographically concentrated cells, in contrast to the standard product model that relies on complete mixing of the susceptible to infected sub-populations. We validate the hypothesis of fractional exponents i) by numerical simulation for disease propagation in graphs imposing a local structure to allowed disease transmissions and ii) by fitting the model to a COVID-19 data set provided by John Hopkins University (JHUCSSE) for the period Jan-31-20 to Mar-24-20, for the countries of Italy, Germany, Iran, and France.

scholarly journals Bivariate Kumaraswamy Models via Modified Symmetric FGM Copulas: Properties and Applications in Insurance Modeling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Bivariate Distributions ◽  
Multivariate Distributions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Copula Models ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Bivariate Copula ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Dependence Structures

A copula is a useful tool for constructing bivariate and/or multivariate distributions. In this article, we consider a new modified class of (Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern) FGM bivariate copula for constructing several dierent bivariate Kumaraswamy type copulas and discuss their structural properties, including dependence structures. It is established that construction of bivariate distributions by this method allows for greater flexibility in the values of Spearman's correlation coefficient rho, and Kendall's tau . For illustrative purposes, one representative data set is utilized to exhibit the applicability of these proposed bivariate copula models.

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