Psychological Stability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Equality Of Opportunity ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 8 asks what properties a market economy must have if it is to be psychologically stable—that is, if it is to reproduce a general belief that its governing principles are fair. I argue that, because of the division of knowledge and because the opportunities open to each person depend on how other people choose to use their opportunities, full equality of opportunity is not compatible with a market economy. Psychological stability has to rest on continuing expectations of mutual benefit, defined relative to a baseline that evolves over time and that cannot be justified in terms of abstract principles of fairness. However, if the market is to be recommended to each individual separately, each individual must be able to expect to share in the benefits that markets create. Maintaining such expectations typically requires redistributive mechanisms.

scholarly journals Persisting inequality: A case of probabilistic drive towards divergence

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Maialeh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Over Time

The aim of the study is to prove that agents organised by market forces tend to create and even more so deepen economic disparities over time. Empirical studies do not reliably describe the trend and causes of interpersonal global inequality in recent decades. Hence, the attention is turned to general economic theory with inspiration from Schumpeterian and neoclassical theories. The results indicate that pure market economy logic will tend to lead to multi-level divergence.

scholarly journals Animal Husbandry across the Western Roman Empire: Changes and Continuities

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas ◽  
Umberto Albarella
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Journal Issue ◽  
Husbandry Practices ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Over Time

This special issue of theEuropean Journal of Archaeologydiscusses aspects of animal husbandry in a number of provinces of the Western Roman Empire. In this introduction, we describe the general characteristics of animal husbandry in pre-Roman and Roman times to assess any changes that may have occurred after the Roman conquest. The results suggest that the territoriality typifying the first millenniumbchad a significant impact on production, resulting in a decrease in cattle size and frequencies across Europe. Nevertheless, not all the regions reacted in the same way, and regional communities that focused their animal production on pigs implemented more sustainable husbandry practices over time. By bringing together studies carried out across Europe, this journal issue highlights the existence of cases of both change and continuity across the Empire, and the (uneven) impact of the market economy on animal husbandry and dietary practices in climatically different regions.

scholarly journals Varieties of contestation: The comparative and critical political economy of ‘excessive’ demand

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bailey ◽  
Saori Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Varieties Of Capitalism ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Excessive Demand ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Marxist Tradition

This paper agrees with much of the current criticism, especially from Marxist perspectives, which argues that the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach over-emphasises the degree of harmony and mutual benefit, as well as the absence of class tension and exploitation, within contemporary capitalist relations. It also, however, criticises many of these Marxist critiques on the grounds that they too willingly accept that relations of domination and exploitation are constitutive of contemporary capitalism. In contrast, the present paper draws on alternative positions within the heterodox Marxist tradition to highlight the contestation that invariably disrupts attempts to structure relations of exploitation and domination. Rather than varieties of capitalism, or varieties in capitalism, therefore, we might be better served by seeking to map varieties of contestation. These arguments are developed with reference to empirical sketches of patterns of contestation in Japan and the UK. These are two countries typically considered alternative types of market economy, but instead considered here to evince contrasting patterns of contestation.

Civil society from a historical perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
JU¨RGEN KOCKA
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Short History ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transnational Civil Society ◽  
Over Time

In many languages, the concept of ‘Civil society’ has had an astonishing career over the last 10 to 15 years, in disciplines such as history and sociology as well as with the public at large. This article presents a short history of the concept, offers a definition and explores the reasons for its popularity by identifying its conceptual ‘opponents’, which have changed over time. It discusses the changing relations between civil society, the market economy, government and the private sphere. It deals with the affinity between civil society and the middle classes in some areas and periods. It finally explores the trends and limits of the emergence of a transnational civil society in Europe. It is an overview that deals with the present problems from a historical perspective.

Satanic Mills: On Robert Kurz

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 408-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
World Order ◽  
Black Book ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Political Groups ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Over Time

A critical overview of the contribution of German Marxist Robert Kurz (1943–2012), focussing in particular on The Black Book of Capitalism: A Farewell to the Market Economy (first ed. 1999) and War for World Order: The End of Sovereignty and the Transformations of Imperialism in the Age of Globalisation (2003). This review explores the genesis and the main tenets of Kurz’s theory – especially his concept of value, the automatic subject, crisis and anti-Semitism – and tracks how they are mobilised in his writings over time. It also touches on the legacy of these ideas in political groups such as the Anti-Germans.

scholarly journals The point of obsolescence of complex agricultural machinery

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
D.G. Mel'nikov ◽  
◽  
Yu.A. Tsarev ◽  
Ye.Yu. Adamchukova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Fourth Class ◽  
Machine Operators ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Agricultural Producer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Each agricultural producer is always faced with the problem of how long complex agricultural equipment should be used, when it will be the need to buy a new one, or in general, when the need is to switch to a new direction. Complex agricultural machinery is expensive, maintenance and re-pairs of it are expensive as well, and our market economy is unpredictable. The solution to this problem is considered on the example of winter wheat harvesting with a self-propelled fourth-class combine harvester. The following theoretical prerequisite for solving the abovementioned problem is proposed. An agricultural producer purchased a combine harvester for 5 million rubles, and then the costs associated with its operation are summed up over the years: for fuels and lubricants, wages for machine operators, costs for repair and maintenance of the combine, costs for spare parts, cultivation and grain harvesting, taxes, etc. After the fifth year of operation already, according to the in-structions, the combine harvester requires overhaul, and the costs of repair and maintenance are growing over time. The profit of an agricultural producer is formed as the difference between costs of the sale of grain. Over time, the productivity of the combine harvester decreases and at some point the operation of the combine becomes unprofitable; this is the point of obsolescence of the machine, when the agricultural producer must decide either to buy a new harvester or to change his business.

scholarly journals Null effects of news exposure: A causal test of the (un)desirable effects of a ‘news vacation’ and ‘news binging’

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wojcieszak ◽  
Sjifra de Leeuw ◽  
Andreu Casas ◽  
Xudong Yu ◽  
Ericka Menchen-Trevino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Online Information ◽  
General Belief ◽  
The Us ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Negative System

Abstract This preregistered project examines the general belief that news has a beneficial impact on society. We test news exposure effects on desirable outcomes, i.e., political knowledge and participation, and detrimental outcomes, i.e., attitude and affective polarization, negative system perceptions, and worsened individual well-being. We rely on two complementary over-time experiments that combine participants' survey self-reports and their behavioral browsing data: one that incentivized participants taking a ‘news vacation’ for a week (N = 797; 30M visits) in the US, the other of 'news binging' for two weeks (N = 828; 17M visits) in Poland. Across both experiments, we demonstrate that reducing or increasing news exposure has little -- if any -- impact on the positive or negative outcomes tested. These robust null effects emerge irrespective of participants' prior levels of news consumption and whether prior news diet was like-minded, and regardless of compliance levels. We argue that these findings reflect the reality of limited news exposure in the real world, with news exposure comprising roughly 3.5\% of citizens' online information diet.

Hydro-hegemony in the context of the Orange River Basin

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (S2) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Turton ◽  
Nikki Funke
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cold War ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Real World ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
The Real ◽  
Regional Setting ◽  
Simplistic Notion ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Over Time

Hydro-hegemony is about power, usually expressed as a problem. In the real world we find that the concept of power is far more nuanced than this simplistic notion would allow us to understand. South Africa is clearly a regional hegemon in the context of the Orange River Basin, but it has used that power to create a stable basin-wide regime to the mutual benefit of all riparian states. This has been done over time when the regional setting was one of hostile military-styled confrontation as a local theatre of the Cold War. South Africa is an example of a plus-sum hydro-hegemon. Power is thus highly nuanced and needs to be analysed as such if that analysis is to be meaningful at a higher level of generalization. A counter theory is offered in the form of a Hydropolitical Complex in which different forms of power can be deployed to reach an outcome that is mutually beneficial to all riparian states. This paper analyses the Orange River basin as a Pivotal Basin in the Southern African Hydropolitical Complex and illustrates that power can be a solution as well.

scholarly journals Turning the Word Upside Down: How Cantillon Redefined the Entrepreneur

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
The Military ◽  
Over Time

The word entrepreneur originally meant someone who is active, risky, and even violent. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it was used to denote a contractor who built large structures and fortifications for the government or provided supplies for the military for a contracted price but largely uncertain future costs. In contrast, Cantillon (1755) defined the entrepreneur as someone buying goods and resources at current market prices to be sold in the future at uncertain prices. His definition was adopted by the leading French economists of the time, and as a result it eventually became the common usage of the term, as will be seen in a sample of French dictionaries over time. In this remarkable and largely unrecognized transformation, Cantillon essentially turned the word upside down. Cantillon’s entrepreneur was self-regulating on the basis of profit and loss, and thus became the foundation on which he was able to construct theories and models of the market economy, which we know as economic theory. His definition is essentially that of Frank Knight and Ludwig von Mises, so it has important implications for the development of the Chicago and Austrian schools of economics.

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