Radical Structural Essentialism for the Spacetime Substantivalist

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Tomasz Bigaj
Keyword(s):  
Relational Structure ◽  
Alternative Conceptions ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Metric Tensor ◽  
Actual Structure ◽  
Hole Argument ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Alternative Structure

Spacetime substantivalists insist that spatiotemporal points are fundamental entities and thus are ontologically independent from the physical objects occupying these points.This chapter argues that the best metaphysical option for the substantivalist is to adopt a radical version of structural essentialism, according to which participation in a certain relational structure is both a necessary and sufficient condition of identity for the elements characterized by this structure.It comparesthe author’sproposed variant of essentialism with some alternative conceptions, such as Tim Maudlin’s metric essentialism and David Glick’s Minimal Structural Essentialism. It discusses how the author’sRadical Structural Essentialism deals with the challenge of the hole argument as well as some less well-known challenges, such as the problem of contingent counterfactuals regarding the material contents of spacetime, and the ‘mole’ argument. Later the chapter explains why the structure consisting of the metric tensor is a genuinely relational structure, and itdefend the claim that in order to preserve the identity of its elements the actual structure may be merely embeddable in (and not necessarily isomorphic with) an alternative structure.

A Proposed Framework Emphasizing Auditor Reliability over Auditor Independence

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Taylor ◽  
F. Todd DeZoort ◽  
Edward Munn ◽  
Martha Wetterhall Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
The Public ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

This paper introduces an auditor reliability framework that repositions the role of auditor independence in the accounting profession. The framework is motivated in part by widespread confusion about independence and the auditing profession's continuing problems with managing independence and inspiring public confidence. We use philosophical, theoretical, and professional arguments to argue that the public interest will be best served by reprioritizing professional and ethical objectives to establish reliability in fact and appearance as the cornerstone of the profession, rather than relationship-based independence in fact and appearance. This revised framework requires three foundation elements to control subjectivity in auditors' judgments and decisions: independence, integrity, and expertise. Each element is a necessary but not sufficient condition for maximizing objectivity. Objectivity, in turn, is a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving and maintaining reliability in fact and appearance.

The Power of Public Positions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Kantian account of political authority holds that the state is a necessary and sufficient condition of our freedom. We cannot be free outside the state, Kantians argue, because any attempt to have the “acquired rights” necessary for our freedom implicates us in objectionable relations of dependence on private judgment. Only in the state can this problem be overcome. But it is not clear how mere institutions could make the necessary difference, and contemporary Kantians have not offered compelling explanations. A detailed analysis is presented of the problems Kantians identify with the state of nature and the objections they face in claiming that the state overcomes them. A response is sketched on behalf of Kantians. The key idea is that under state institutions, a person can make claims of acquired right without presupposing that she is by nature exceptional in her capacity to bind others.

scholarly journals Lorentz Boosts and Wigner Rotations: Self-Adjoint Complexified Quaternions

Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-366
Author(s):  
Thomas Berry ◽  
Matt Visser
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Wigner Rotation ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
Specific Implementation ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Lorentz Boosts

In this paper, Lorentz boosts and Wigner rotations are considered from a (complexified) quaternionic point of view. It is demonstrated that, for a suitably defined self-adjoint complex quaternionic 4-velocity, pure Lorentz boosts can be phrased in terms of the quaternion square root of the relative 4-velocity connecting the two inertial frames. Straightforward computations then lead to quite explicit and relatively simple algebraic formulae for the composition of 4-velocities and the Wigner angle. The Wigner rotation is subsequently related to the generic non-associativity of the composition of three 4-velocities, and a necessary and sufficient condition is developed for the associativity to hold. Finally, the authors relate the composition of 4-velocities to a specific implementation of the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff theorem. As compared to ordinary 4×4 Lorentz transformations, the use of self-adjoint complexified quaternions leads, from a computational view, to storage savings and more rapid computations, and from a pedagogical view to to relatively simple and explicit formulae.

scholarly journals The location of classified edges due to the change in the geometric multiplicity of an eigenvalue in a tree

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Kenji Toyonaga
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Matrix ◽  
Symmetric Matrices ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Geometric Multiplicity ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Multiplicity Of An Eigenvalue

Abstract Given a combinatorially symmetric matrix A whose graph is a tree T and its eigenvalues, edges in T can be classified in four categories, based upon the change in geometric multiplicity of a particular eigenvalue, when the edge is removed. We investigate a necessary and sufficient condition for each classification of edges. We have similar results as the case for real symmetric matrices whose graph is a tree. We show that a g-2-Parter edge, a g-Parter edge and a g-downer edge are located separately from each other in a tree, and there is a g-neutral edge between them. Furthermore, we show that the distance between a g-downer edge and a g-2-Parter edge or a g-Parter edge is at least 2 in a tree. Lastly we give a combinatorially symmetric matrix whose graph contains all types of edges.

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