On the Abolition of War

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Martin Wight
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Effective Alternative ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Causes Of War ◽  
The World ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Nuclear Arms

In this essay Wight advanced four main criticisms of the proposal by Walter Millis for the abolition of what Millis called ‘the war system’. First, the proposal disregards ‘the positive or constructive functions of war in international society’, such as bringing about ‘desirable change’, gaining independence, preserving independence, and maintaining the balance of power. Second, the proposal to abolish war understates ‘the intractability of international conflicts’ and exaggerates the role of armaments and military formations in causing war. The true causes of war reside in ‘human passions and conflicting interests’, not weapons. Third, the proposal to eradicate war fails to recognize the price that must be paid to defeat aggression and establish order. Fourth, no effective alternative institution has been found to replace ‘the war system’ as a means to perform certain functions, including the prevention of detrimental change. The vision of an ‘international government’ ruling the world without war ultimately implies ‘a monopoly of power’, including nuclear arms, perhaps under ‘an American–Russian dyarchy’, despite ‘the intrinsic instability of dyarchy’ and its ‘disagreeableness’ for the rival powers, such as China and France.

Bringing Back Gendered States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqui True
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Society ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
The State ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
The World ◽  
Interstate System ◽  
Women And Girls

Feminist scholars of international relations argue that gender is central, not peripheral, to the constitution of the state and to change “in” and “of” the interstate system. Western and non-Western patriarchal structures shape and constrain what states are, what they do, and how. They have played a crucial role in the constitution of state identities, diplomatic practices, and the maintenance, transformation, and expansion of the society of states. The unraveling of patriarchal structures in many parts of the world has implications for international society and the quest for order and justice. The increasing breakdown of patriarchal social contacts is fueling gendered violence at all levels, including the explicit targeting of women and girls in intrastate and international conflicts. This violence is at once an embodiment of, and a threat to, sovereign statehood.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES

2017 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
E. G. Zheleznova
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Common Language ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Artificial Languages ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Political Economic

He necessity of language that would be spoken by all the people in the world, has existed in all times. As a common language that has developed naturally, does not exist, then the world developed the idea of creating an artificial international language, which, among other things, could perform a unifying function. The article discusses the concept of “language" and “artificial language", provides definitions of these concepts, also considers the causes of these concepts and provides an overview of the various artificial languages. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that at the moment of development of our society there is a need to create common language, the purpose of which would be international negotiations or settlement of international conflicts and other political, economic and cultural activities. It is also possible to increase interest in such science of language as interlinguistics, and as a result, further development of linguistics as a whole thing. At the moment there are about five hundred artificial languages, but only a few of them are more or less suitable for real communication. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of artificial international languages within the framework of modern culture and modern society. The objectives of this article: to reveal the very notion of language; to select the types of artificial languages; to give the description of each of the most well-known international artificial languages. In the article we have used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, and abstracting.

Russia’s China Policy: Growing Asymmetries and Hedging Options

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-550
Author(s):  
Igor Denisov ◽  
Alexander Lukin
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
China Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Economic Partnership

Abstract This article examines the state and prospects of Russia’s policy toward China. We look at recent trends in the evolution of the world order, the history of Moscow-Beijing relations, and the changes in the balance of power between Russia and China to offer a forecast of Russia’s China policy in the near term. Special attention is paid to the role of the 2001 Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation. The authors conclude that, despite the Treaty’s significance, the international situation – and indeed the relative strengths of the two countries – have significantly changed over the past 20 years. The new conditions will inevitably compel Russia to adjust its policy toward China. Moscow, as always, will seek to develop its political and economic partnership with Beijing. However, it will likely move toward hedging against risks that excessive dependence on China could bring about.

Objection!

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-239
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Mannering
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
Opening Statements

This chapter stems from Seneca the Elder’s dedication of the Controversiae to both his sons and the ‘people’: the double audience implied by these opening statements extends throughout the compilation, resulting in an unstable ‘centre’ of attention. It demonstrates how declaimers are interrupted and critiqued in Seneca’s retellings, and highlights the ways in which these objections redirect attention from the speaker to an individual in the audience. These diversions in turn alter the community’s balance of power as spectators move into the central role which we would expect the speakers to occupy. In addition, this chapter outlines the role of decorum within these disputes and outlines the factors which distinguish what is proper from what is unacceptable within the world of Roman declamation, and by extension within Roman culture as well as cultural memory as a whole.

scholarly journals Three Decades of Iran’s Policy of Exporting the Islamic Revolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
Bahram Navazeni
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Revolution

Three decades after its 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran’s foreignpolicy remains committed to “exporting the revolution” (sodoureenqelab). Through this policy, the Islamic Republic of Iran wantsto make the world safe for not only Islam and Muslims, but for alloppressed people around the world. The idea is based on the ideologyof Imam Khomeini, who presented it in a general way in hisimportant work on jurisprudence. To him, the role of Imam is topreserve the Islamic ummah’s unity, liberate the Islamic homelandfrom the seizure and influence of the colonizers and their puppetgovernments, and initiate the just Islamic government.In this article, I explore the politics, ends, and means of exportingthe revolution in the overall context of Iran’s foreign policyas well as show how the divinely inspired nature of the revolutionwas to bring Islamic justice to humanity and the variouspeaceful and coercive means it adopted to provide happiness,well-being, and salvation to all nations. To Imam Khomeini andhis followers, the final end of “great Islamic community” couldnot be achieved in the current arrogant international society withouthelping the disintegrated Muslim nations to unite with eachother and using adequate force.

scholarly journals France and the Austrian Empire 1815-1918

Balcanica ◽  
2007 ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Horel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The World ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
New Phase

Relations between France and the Habsburg Empire during the long nineteenth century went through several phases bounded by the events crucial not just to the two countries' mutual relations but to all of Europe. The Congress of Vienna defined their mutual relations for the next thirty years. The Habsburgs and their omnipresent minister Metternich were fearful of revolutionary and liberal movements traditionally having their origins in France. And it was the revolutionary events of 1848 that brought about a change in the balance of power and their mutual relations. Metternich's retirement and, more importantly, the arrival of the Russian armies in Central Europe and the subsequent strengthening of Prussia, conferred a new importance to the role of the Habsburg Monarchy as a bulwark against the advancement of Russia and a vital counterweight to Prussia. With the defeat of Napoleon III and the creation of Germany with Alsace and Lorraine Franco-Austrian relations entered a new phase. The destiny of the two provinces alienated the Habsburgs from the French Republic, especially after the reorganization of Europe into two confronting blocs. The logic of alliances led to their being adversaries in the world conflict, although Napoleon III's geo-strategic analyses remained present almost to its very end, when Clemenceau's government gave support to the nationality principle thereby crucially contributing to the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Anarchy and Patriarchy in World Politics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqui True
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
World Politics ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Girls

This essay considers anarchy in light of the dynamics of patriarchy in world politics. Western and non-Western patriarchal structures shape and constrain what states are, what they do, and how. They have played a crucial role in the constitution of state identities, diplomatic practices, and the maintenance, transformation, and expansion of the society of states. The unravelling of patriarchal structures in many parts of the world has implications for international society and the quest for order and justice. The increasing breakdown of patriarchal social contacts is fuelling gendered violence at all levels, including the explicit targeting of women and girls in intra-state and international conflicts. This violence is at once an embodiment of, and a threat to, sovereign statehood. If patriarchal society once consolidated the anarchical society in Europe, then it now also challenges that society from within and without as well as the possibility of its expansion.

Rôle of the “New” Asian-African Countries in the Present International Legal Order

1962 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Anand
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
International Society ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The World ◽  
International Legal Order

The establishment of an effective rule of law in the international society, we have been told time and again, is the only way to save the world from the danger of its plunging into the holocaust of an atomic-missile war which, if it ever comes, will mean an over-all destruction.

scholarly journals The role of the International Society of Citriculture on the world citrus industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-232
Author(s):  
Dirceu Mattos-Jr ◽  
Eduardo Fermino Carlos
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
The World
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