Ensuring Legal Protection of the Results of Intellectual Activity and the Commercialization of Rights to Them in the EAEU

The paper is devoted to the legislative and organizational instruments employed to ensure protection of the results of intellectual activity and the commercialization of rights to them in the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), in particular in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Uzbekistan (Observer in the EAEU). The authors have examined the regulatory and legal framework in the field of intellectual property of the EAEU countries, the experience of national patent offices, problematic issues of the modern development of the intellectual property (IP) market, commercialization of the results of intellectual activity (RIA). The role of the intellectual property market institutions in the management of rights to RIA was identified using a Russian venture company as a case study. The legislation analysis has revealed differences in approaches and depth of elaboration of the IP market institutionalization, heterogeneity of innovative and technical potential and legislation in the field of innovation. In addition, the analysis has determined the tasks of the EAEU member countries in the field of intellectual property protection and the need for further integration of the EAEU countries to form an effective IP market. The paper draws attention to the possibility of integrating the EAEU member states in the field of IP, which is important in the context of the progressive socio-economic development of countries. At the level of national economies, it is advisable to form IP ecosystems with due regard to the harmonization of the EAEU countries legislation in the field of protection of rights to RIA, as well as to create conditions for an effective institutional environment, that is flexible and adaptive in relation to all EAEU countries interested in cooperation. Constructing an interstate system of legal, financial, organizational mechanisms for the commercialization of rights to IP objects, using IP objects and the dissemination of best practices, for example, the experience of the Russian Venture Company as a development institut, constitute integral conditions for the effective functioning of the common IP market of the EAEU countries is the ion.

A Crise Financeira Internacional de 2008 como Resultado da Dinâmica do Eixo Sino-Americano de Acumulação l The 2008 International Financial Crisis as a Result of the Sino-American Axis of Accumulation’s Dynamics

Há um consenso na academia em atribuir a causa da crise internacional de 2008 ao processo de financeirização da economia dos Estados Unidos. Esta pesquisa considera esse entendimento correto, porém insuficiente para entender com profundidade como a crise impactou a economia mundial e o sistema interestatal. O objetivo deste trabalho é fugir do “nacionalismo metodológico” que permeia essa visão e entender a crise de 2008 como uma crise da conjuntura da economia-mundo capitalista. Seguindo a análise dos Sistemas-Mundo, o artigo é iniciado com o estudo da atual conjuntura, de expansão financeira do ciclo sistêmico estadunidense, que deve ser entendida através dos processos complementares de financeirização econômica e reestruturação produtiva mundial. Em um segundo momento, a pesquisa se volta para entender como esses dois processos construíram um “eixo sino-americano de acumulação”. Finalmente, entende-se que, apesar da aparente simbiose dessa relação, ela apresenta um desequilíbrio estrutural que originou a crise de 2008.Palavras-chave: Crise Financeira Internacional de 2008; China; Estados Unidos.ABSTRACTThere is a consensus in academia to attribute the cause of the 2008 international crisis to the financialization process of the United States’ economy. This research considers this understanding correct, but insufficient for a deep understanding of the crisis’ impact in the world economy and in the interstate system. This research aims to escape the “methodological nacionalism” that permeates this vision, understanding the 2008 crisis as a crisis in the conjuncture of the capitalist world-economy. Following the World-Systems Analysis, this research starts with the study of the current conjuncture, the financial expansion of the American systemic cycle of accumulation, which must be understood through the complementary processes of economic financialization and world productive restructure. In a second step, the research turns to understand how these two processes built a “Sino-American axis of accumulation”. Finally, it is understood that, despite the apparent symbiosis of this relationship, it presents a structural imbalance that originated the 2008 crisis.Keywords: 2008 International Financial Crisis; China; United States. Recebido em: 10/04/2021 | Aceito em: 17/07/2021.

Flexible Pavement Design (Full-depth Asphalt and Rubblization): A Summary of Activities

This report summarizes activities undertaken to support and ensure that the Illinois Department of Transportation utilizes the best demonstrated available technology for design and construction of full-depth hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and HMA pavements on rubblized Portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP). To achieve this goal, the researchers reviewed pavement design and special provisions for full-depth asphalt and rubblization projects as well as full-depth asphalt and rubblization project performance via condition surveys and deflection measurements. They also modified design inputs as needed from the review of literature and responded to specific issues related to full-depth asphalt and rubblization design and construction. The researchers studied 32 rubblization projects on the interstate system and found this rehabilitation technique is providing good to excellent performance that exceeds design expectations. They provided input on proposed changes to full-depth hot-mix asphalt pavement on rubblized PCCP specifications as well as provided input on the RoadTec 1105e material transfer device. Analysis of traffic speed deflectometer data obtained on several hot-mix asphalt and rubblized pavements resulted in the development of analysis algorithms.

Globalization of Peace

Conventional scholarship on peace and peacebuilding fail to consider how the capitalist world-system is implicated in the structural violence that fuels violent conflicts around the world. This helps to account for the widespread failures of state-led peacebuilding interventions. Although social movement and civil society actors are deemed critical to successful peacebuilding, they are typically denied meaningful roles in shaping these processes. Yet subaltern groups are critical agents pressing for attention to latent conflicts before they escalate into violent confrontations, and they work to reduce violent conflicts and their harmful effects on communities. By shifting our gaze from the realm of states and the interstate system, we see an array of forces working “from below” to articulate projects to transform social relations in ways that Oliver Richmond calls “peace formation.” Global human rights discourses have provided a unifying framework and focal point for these grassroots initiatives, which eschew mainstream notions of rights as formal protections for individuals while advancing new foundations for transformative peacebuilding based upon “people-centered human rights.”

The War on Terror and the Law of War: Shaping International Order in the Context of Irregular Violence

After 11 September 2001 it was routinely declared that 9/11 ‘changed everything’ and that what had changed was immutable. Following the synthesis on democracies’ war justifications over the last three decades presented by Anna Geis and Wolfgang Wagner, Michael Stohl focuses on US-American justifications of the ‘war on terror’: He explores how 9/11 altered the constructions of the threat of terrorism and how these constructions in turn affected arguments and justification for the use of force in the context of counter-terrorism. The creation of the ‘war on terror’ was a core component of the construction of new national security threats. This was accompanied by the securitization of counter-terrorism. Increased fear of further attacks reinforced the persistence of a Westphalian interstate system and the central role of sovereignty claims within the global governance regime. This altered the balance within most democratic national states between law enforcement approaches for domestic threats and alliance-based or unilateral armed responses for international threats. The chapter explores how this has further altered arguments for and justifications of the use of force at home and abroad.

Ontological Continuity in the Modern World-System: Agency, Areas, and the Structures-of-Knowledge Approach

With the passing of Immanuel Wallerstein, it is worthwhile to take note of his contribution to problematizing the unit of analysis. Rather than the states-as-containers interpretation, Wallerstein contributed that spatiotemporal units of analysis could be more meaningfully discussed in terms of their interactions within a larger system. The more well-known of his arenas are the axial division of labor (economic) and the interstate system (political). The third, the structures-of-knowledge methodology, aims to expand the “broadly cultural” arena as well. This paper will consider his project of reasserting agency through structural metanarrative with suggestions for ways to use his analysis to lend greater continuity to area-knowledge at a crucial time of transition.

Latin America’s Evolving Contribution to Peaceful Change in the International System

Latin America has long aspired for an interstate system based on the principles of nonintervention and adherence to international law. Over time, the region has become increasingly free of war, and interstate disputes are frequently settled via diplomacy or by international courts. But it has achieved a largely “negative” peace as peaceful relations in the region are neither the result of nor have produced deeper commercial integration, effective regional organizations, or epistemic security communities. This chapter examines realist, liberal, and constructivist explanations to explain the sources of peace and peaceful change in Latin America, as well as how structural changes in the international system have affected the region. In particular, it analyzes how Latin America’s relative weakness in terms of material capabilities has led it to rely on diplomacy, “soft balancing,” and norms entrepreneurship in international law to secure its interest in a progressively more peaceful and rule-bound international order.