Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of the Second World War to 1990 chronology, phases, problems and achievements

Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of WWII to the breakup of Yugoslavia and went through several phases. A short period of interlude when the diplomatic relations were re-established 1945/1946 was followed by a much longer one (1946-1950) of conflict due to the Yugoslav support to the Communists in the Greek Civil War. A pragmatic approach to the issue of both parties resulted in a prolonged period (1950-1967) of working relations that culminated in the signing of tripartite treaties with Turkey, Treaty of Ankara (1953) and Bled Agreements (1954). Even though the treaties lost most of their importance after the reconciliation between Belgrade and Moscow in 1955/1956, and the Cyprus crisis, they created a climate of correct relations between two neighbouring states marked by reciprocal visits on the highest level. The coup d??tat of April 1967 brought to power a dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) and thus inaugurated a new period of tensions in bilateral relations. The last period 1974-1990 was characterized by good working relations between Belgrade and Athens mainly due to the Greece?s efforts to integrate the European Economic Community (EEC) that supposed good relations with its neighbours. The issue of relations of Athens with Socialist Republic of Macedonia, first as a part of Socialst Yugoslavia, and then, after the collapse of the Federation, as the independent country, proved to be the last problem for Yugoslavia and a lasting one for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, as it used to be known after 1990.

Le révolutionnaire professionnel Tito a Moscou 1935-1936

Josip Broz vint a Moscou en f?vrier 1935 pour parfaire son parcours de r?volutionnaire au sein du Komintern, le passage oblig? pour tous les cadres du Parti communiste yougoslave. Or, son s?jour a Moscou n?avait rien d?habituel, car il y devint le confident du tout-puissant D?partement des cadres de l?Internationale communiste dans le Parti yougoslave. Gr?ce a l?appui du D?partement des cadres, qui avait la charge de contr?ler les cadres des partis freres au sein du Komintern, Broz devint le num?ro deux du Parti yougoslave et repartit de Moscou en octobre 1936 pour diriger l?action du Parti en Yougoslavie. Cette nouvelle fonction lui permit d?effectuer sa deuxieme mission a savoir de contr?ler l?action des cadres yougoslaves.

Translations of saints’ relics in the late Medieval Central Balkans

The paper discusses the character of the translations of saints? relics in the late medieval central Balkans, as they increasingly gained prominence as an encouragement to the veneration of saints. The fact that translations grew much more frequent provides the opportunity to analyse the motivations behind this practice, the ways in which relics were acquired, the types of translation processions and their symbolic significance. The relic translations in the central Balkans in the period under study fitted the Christian translation pattern in every respect and stood halfway between history and cult and, frequently, between politics and cult.

Popular piety and the paper icons of Zaharija Orfelin

The paper deals with the phenomenon of popular piety in the eighteenth century and its reflections in art media through several prints made by the Serbian engraver Zaharija Orfelin. Paper icons, the cheapest means of meeting the spiritual needs of Orthodox Serbs in Hungary in the eighteenth century, were mass produced and easy to transport to remotest places. As they were the main channels of expressing piety, it is not unexpected that some artists-entrepreneurs such as Orfelin started such a lucrative production. Orfelin shaped the iconography of those images, combining the traditional Orthodox heritage and contemporary Baroque models that had migrated from Central European religious art. His imagery included particular national saints and their patriotic cults, dogmatic and doctrinal views of the church, as well as images of the Mother of God.

L’Istros dans la géographie de Strabon

La description de l?Istros-Danube par Strabon dans sa G?ographie (4.6.10; 7.5) actualise a l??poque august?enne la tradition g?ographique de la description de ce fleuve. Les contradictions entre les n?cessit?s de la sch?matisation g?ographique et celles de l?int?gration de sources nouvelles expliquent une partie des erreurs g?ographiques de cette partie de l?oeuvre.

Interethnic rivalries and bilateral cooperation: Aspects of Greek-Serbian relations from the assassination of Alexander Obrenovic to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1903-1908)

This paper seeks to summarize the main aspects of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Greece and the Kingdom of Serbia during a turbulent period characterized by fierce guerrilla warfare in Macedonia, the efforts made by the Great Powers for the implementation of the reforms provided by the M?rzsteg Program and various domestic changes in both countries.

The shift in Yugoslav-Albanian relations: The establishment of ties between Albania and the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1966-1969)

The intra-party conflict in Yugoslavia in 1966 resulted in a fundamental shift in the attitude of the Yugoslav leadership toward the Albanian national minority, which was also reflected in the country?s foreign policy orientation. The normalization of relations with Albania was set as one of the objectives of Yugoslav foreign policy. Yugoslavia stopped responding to the anti-Yugoslav statements of Albanian officials and launched a series of cooperation initiatives with Albania. The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija was assigned a special role in the normalization of relations with Tirana and, with the consent of Belgrade, an exchange of publications, visits of cultural-artistic associations and contacts between the cultural institutions of Kosovo and Metohija and Albania ensued. This policy resulted in the establishment of direct cultural, economic and political ties between the governments of Albania and the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, into which the Yugoslav political leadership no longer had any insight.

Assessing linguistic vulnerability and endangerment in Serbia a critical survey of methodologies and outcomes

The paper offers a critical survey of vulnerable and endangered languages and linguistic varieties in Serbia presented in three international inventories: UNESCO?s Atlas of the World?s Languages in Danger, Ethnologue and The Catalogue of Endangered Languages. As the inventories differ widely in terms of assessing the exact level of language endangerment and vulnerability, and lack to provide empirical support for their assessment, the paper provides thorough information from official local sources, relevant studies and the authors? own field research, when available, on the language categorized as endangered (Aromanian, Banat Bulgarian, Judezmo, Vojvodina Rusyn, Romani), but also presents additional linguistic varieties which have not been registered yet by any of the mentioned inventories (Megleno-Romanian, Bayash Romanian and Vlach Romanian).

Evolution of economic thought on monetary reform in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after the Great War

This paper analyses the opinions of economists and policy makers on the monetary reform undertaken in the Kingdom of SCS after the Great War. The purpose of the analysis is to show how those opinions evolved in the situation of growing monetary instability. Immediately after the war it was believed that the pre-war gold parity of the national currency could be restored but, after several years burdened with the depreciation of the dinar and inflation, it became clear that monetary stabilization needed a new realistic approach. The opinions on this approach ranged from extremely regulatory to completely liberal ones. Early commitment to administrative measures was more the consequence of an extremely delicate and changing economic and political situation in which the State was in the early 1920s than renunciation of the liberal economic policy pursued in the Kingdom of Serbia before the Great War. When it became clear that the implementation of palliative administrative measures could not prevent the value of the dinar from falling, a pragmatic liberal approach prevailed. The major proponent of this approach among economists was Velimir Bajkic, and among policy makers, Finance Minister Milan Stojadinovic and the Governor of the National Bank of the Kingdom of SCS Djordje Vajfert.

History of Hellenic-Serbian (Yugoslav) alliances from Karageorge to the Balkan Pact 1817-1954

The paper provides a review of efforts to make Serbian-Hellenic alliances and formal agreements since the last years of Karageorge?s life within the context of the relations between Serbia and Greece, and later between Yugoslavia and Greece. The circumstances that led to the signing of six formal alliances have been analysed including their content and scope. Out of the six alliances, four were bilateral, and two were Balkan (1934, 1953/54). All of them have been reviewed both in the bilateral and Balkan context. The following agreements have been analysed: The Treaty of Alliance and the Military Treaty from 1867/68, The Treaty of Alliance of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Hellenic Kingdom and the Military Convention of June 1, 1913, The Pact of Friendship, Conciliation and Judicial Settlement between Yugoslavia and Greece of 1929, the Balkan Pact (the Balkan Entente) of 1934, The Treaty on the Balkan Union between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Hellenic Kingdom of January 1942, the Balkan Pact of 1953/54. The issues related to the struggle of Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria about Macedonia and the question of the Serbian Free Zone of Salonica have also been discussed, as well as mutual relations during the Great War and at the beginning of the Cold War.