The Radicality of the Demand and the Social Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
K. E. Løgstrup
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ethical Demand

This chapter focuses on the radicality of the ethical demand, and how that sets it apart from social mores and laws. It is argued that because the demand is silent or unspoken, we must then respond selflessly for the good of the other person, while it may also interfere with our lives, and could include love of the enemy. The radicality of the demand then expresses itself in the fact that a person has no right to make the demand, while it isolates or makes responsible the person on whom it falls. At the same time, the radicality of the demand does not mean it is limitless. However, as we cannot rely on people to act as the demand requires, we also need social norms, which are not radical in these ways. The relation between the demand and these norms is explored, and each is argued to require the other.

The Absolute Demand of Concrete Existence

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
K. E. Løgstrup
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Ethical Demand

This chapter critiques Kierkegaard’s conception of the infinite demand. Kierkegaard’s demand remains abstract because he tries to derive content from form: namely, to derive its content from the fact that it is infinite, where this means that its aim is for the finite individual to know that they are nothing before God. But it is then impossible to treat this infinite demand as connecting to our relation with other people, and each involves radically different conceptions of guilt and responsibility. To avoid this problem, it is argued that we should think in terms of an ethical demand which remains between individuals, but which is also distinct from the social norms, as the person on whom the demand falls is ‘isolated’ and so must take individual responsibility for their response to the other, rather than merely following social norms and thereby being confined to life in the crowd.

The Ethical Demand and Social Norms

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-65
Author(s):  
Robert Stern
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ethical Demand ◽  
The Way

This chapter covers Chapters 3 and 4 of The Ethical Demand. In these chapters, Løgstrup adds to his characterization of the demand by claiming that it is ‘radical’. He explains this radicality in terms of various further key features, including the way it may intrude on our lives and pick us out as individuals, while even the enemy is included in the requirement on us to care. At the same time, Løgstrup argues that we do not have the right to make the demand, while also denying that it is ‘limitless’. The features of the demand that make it radical distinguish it from the social norms, while the unconditional and absolute nature of the demand contrasts with the variable character of such norms, a contrast which he uses to respond to the challenge of relativism.

Optimal Contracting Model in a Social Environment and Trust-Related Psychological Costs

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suren Basov ◽  
M. Ishaq Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Optimal Contracting ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Contracting Model

AbstractMost research in contract theory concentrated on the role of incentives in shaping individual behavior. Recent research suggests that social norms also play an important role. From a point of view of a mechanism designer (a principal, a government, and a bank), responsiveness of an agent to the social norms is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, it provides the designer with extra instruments, while on the other it puts restrictions on how these new and the more conventional instruments can be used. The main objective of this paper is to investigate this trade-off and study how it shapes different contracts observed in the real world. We consider a model in which agent’s cost of cheating is triggered by the principal’s show of trust. We call such behavior a norm of honesty and trust and show that it drives incentives to be either low powerful or high powerful, eliminating contracts with medium powerful incentives.

scholarly journals BUKALAPAK AND THE REPRESENTATION OF THE CHINESE ETHNIC IN THEIR ‘BU LINDA’ ADVERTISEMENT

ICCD ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Bella Arista ◽  
Abhirama S Perdana
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Semiotics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pros And Cons

Indonesia is a diverse country of tribe and culture, where differences can sometimes lead to pros and cons in the society. Media representatives should continue to describe each ethnicity in Indonesia by upholding good values, traditions, and social roles in society. Media today needs to be shifted to describe a particular ethnic/ethnic group in a more convenient way without eroding social norms, cultures, and beliefs in the society. Bukalapak's advertisement, entitled "Bu Linda", reflects the other side of a Chinese descendant in Indonesia and also reflects on the idea of ​​inter-ethnic harmony, this study analyses Bukalapak's advertisement with the title "Bu Linda" using Critical Public Relations Analysis with Visual Grammar from the Social Semiotics Approach. The purpose of this study is to explore how Bukalapak represent the Chinese descendants in Indonesia through its advertisement.  

Subjects under Duress: The Greek Rant

Genre ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-77
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Political Subject ◽  
Unique Mode ◽  
The Social ◽  
Good Will

The literary rant is a unique mode of expression employed by dispossessed subjects to performatively highlight the mechanisms of their oppression and to create a rhetorical and political subject position from which to speak. The rant relies on the reader’s complicity to witness the speech of the other, and as such, it is like Judith Butler’s rhetorical “scene of address” in which a listener judges the speaker as a recognizable member of society, or not. The ranter’s language moves outside the domain of speakability, risking misunderstanding in order to confront the limitations of language and the sociopolitical system that has cast them out. It is a risk that challenges both the identity of the speaker and the social norms and responsibilities of the listener. Building on Dina Al-Kassim’s scholarship on the rant, this article uses examples from Greek journalism and prose to demonstrate how ranting narrators usurp and redeploy sovereign speech to create a spectacle of their own abjection. Examination of Dimitris Dimitriadis’s “Abomination” and selected stories from Christos Iconomou’s Good Will Come from the Sea foregrounds the ranter’s dispossession and explores the disruptive power that this speaking position offers.

The Ethical Demand and Its Basis

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-47
Author(s):  
Robert Stern
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Demand

This chapter covers the ‘Introduction’ to K. E. Løgstrup’s The Ethical Demand, and the first two chapters of the book. These provide the foundation for Løgstrup’s account of the ethical demand, by relating it to Jesus’s proclamation to love our neighbour, while showing how the demand grows out of the interdependence of human beings, an interdependence that can be illustrated through the key example of trust. Løgstrup also defends the claim that the demand to care for the other is ‘unspoken’ or ‘silent’, and begins to contrast the demand to social norms, while also responding to the worry that the demand might encourage us to ‘encroach’ on the lives of others, arguing in the second chapter of his book that we cannot escape this problem by seeking relationships that involve an intimacy which somehow does away with any mediation between individuals.

scholarly journals Obrazki porażki [Images of Failure]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xawery Stańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Happy Ending ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Artistic Performance

Images of FailureOn the one hand, the sphere of art offers the possibility to imagine a different, less oppressive and normative world, where just as in the case of cartoons even the greatest gawks, misfits, and outcasts would build friendships and alliances helping them to reach a happy ending. On the other hand, there is something of an artistic performance, at least of an illusionist show, to an intentional act of failure. To perform failure, one has to improvise, to operate randomly, blunderingly, and ostentatiously, as well as to resist the social norms and rules. The artworks that are presented here pertain to all of these meanings of the “art of failure”.Obrazki porażkiSztuka jest z jednej strony sferą, w której można wyobrazić sobie inny, mniej opresyjny i normatywny świat; w nim – jak w kreskówkach – międzygatunkowe przyjaźnie i sojuszenawet największych gamoni, odmieńców i wyrzutków prowadzą do szczęśliwego zakończenia. Z drugiej strony w intencjonalnym uprawianiu porażki jest coś ze sztuki, a przynajmniejsztuczki prestidigitatora. Performowanie porażki wymaga zdolności improwizacji, podążania po omacku, dyletanctwa, fanfaronady oraz przeciwstawiania się społecznym normom i regułom. Prezentowane tu prace nawiązują do tych sensów „sztuki porażki”. 

scholarly journals The Child Seen as the Same or the Other? The Significance of the Social Convention to the Pedagogical Relation

Paideusis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Tone Saevi ◽  
Heidi Husevaag
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Social Convention ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pedagogical Relation

The aim of this article is to explore the lifeworld of children as they experience everyday conventional situations where proper behaviour is expected and to understand the significance of the social convention to the pedagogical relation between adult and child. Based on interviews with adults recalling pedagogical episodes of handshaking, waiting, and thanking someone, we describe and interpret narrative examples by the light of Continental phenomenological pedagogy. Including children in the traditions of a society by exposing them to situations where conventional behaviour and adherence to social norms are expected is an unavoidable ingredient of pedagogical practice. Adults often expect children to adapt to social conventions simply by being introduced to them, and at the same time as adults we are somehow prevented from seeing the meaning of the situation for the child by our grown-up-ness and the conventional quality of the situation. The socialization of children, including the transfer of conventionally proper behaviour from one generation to the next, introduces ethical and pedagogical dilemmas. We suggest that although social conventions of proper behaviour are desirable and important factors of socialization for the child, the social convention itself can be a pedagogical impasse that anticipates homogeneity and assimilation and renders difficult a pedagogically caring practice.

The Changeability of the Social Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-89
Author(s):  
K. E. Løgstrup
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Moral Relativism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ethical Demand

This chapter continues the discussion of the relation between the ethical demand and social norms. It considers the changeability of such norms, focusing on the cases of the norms governing sex, love, and marriage, the relation between political authority and citizens, and between society and the church and religion. The final section asks whether, given the historical variability in the nature of such norms, there is a worry of moral relativism. In response, it is argued that even if our social norms can vary, the ethical demand itself cannot, as what remains constant is the wrongness of exploiting the vulnerability of others for our own good: it is just that in different societies, such exploitation can take different forms, so that the norms protecting us from such vulnerability to others can vary.

The Ethical Demand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Løgstrup ◽  
Bjørn Rabjerg ◽  
Robert Stern
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Relation ◽  
Ethical Demand

This book concerns the nature and basis for the fundamental ethical relation between human beings. Beginning from the fundamental example of trust, it is argued that this relation arises from our interdependence and mutual vulnerability, which then gives us power over the lives of other people. It claimed that in this situation, there arises a demand to care for the other person. This demand is characterized as silent, radical, one-sided, and unfulfillable, as it cannot be satisfied by just doing what the other asks; requires us to act unselfishly; is non-reciprocal; and should not be experienced as a demand. As a result, the demand is distinguished from ordinary social norms, which lack these characteristics, though it is argued that there is a relation between these two levels, as legitimate social norms should ‘refract’ the ethical demand. It is also argued that in order to make sense of a demand of this sort, we must see ‘life as a gift’, rather than treating ourselves as the sovereign grounds for our own existence. In understanding the ethical demand in this way, it is suggested, we can make sense of Jesus’s proclamation to love our neighbour in purely human terms, though at the same time we may have to go beyond a scientific picture which operates with a clear distinction between fact and values, and treats determinism as a basis for rejecting moral responsibility.

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