Moral Relativism and Moral Universalism: a Coherentist Approach

<p>In the following work I examine the long-standing dispute between the moral relativist and their opponent, who I call the moral universalist. I examine this dispute from a coherentist perspective. For both moral relativism and moral universalism I identify a key conviction underlying the position and I attempt to deliver a theory that accommodates both of these two convictions in a coherent fashion. This involves distinguishing between distinct types of moral principle and showing how the relativist's conviction is a reaction to one type while the universalist's conviction is a reaction to another type. These types of moral principle are not mutually exclusive, however, and a large part of my project will be to explain how each type of principle is able to be included as part of a coherent whole.</p>

Moral Relativism and Moral Universalism: a Coherentist Approach

<p>In the following work I examine the long-standing dispute between the moral relativist and their opponent, who I call the moral universalist. I examine this dispute from a coherentist perspective. For both moral relativism and moral universalism I identify a key conviction underlying the position and I attempt to deliver a theory that accommodates both of these two convictions in a coherent fashion. This involves distinguishing between distinct types of moral principle and showing how the relativist's conviction is a reaction to one type while the universalist's conviction is a reaction to another type. These types of moral principle are not mutually exclusive, however, and a large part of my project will be to explain how each type of principle is able to be included as part of a coherent whole.</p>

NORMATIVE REGULATION OF LIFE AND HEALTH PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS

The article discusses some philosophical issues of life and health. The content of bioethics is not limited to finding out which approaches to solving problems related to human life and health are more effective, liberal or conservative. Conservatism stems from the basic premise that human life is an absolute, indisputable value. From the point of view of bioethics, the discovery of the humanitarian potential of liberal values ??is possible only in the conditions of avoiding the extremes of moral relativism, one-sided naturalism, as well as establishing a reasonable balance between conservative and liberal values.

On and beyond artifacts in moral relations: accounting for power and violence in Coeckelbergh’s social relationism

The ubiquity of technology in our lives and its culmination in artificial intelligence raises questions about its role in our moral considerations. In this paper, we address a moral concern in relation to technological systems given their deep integration in our lives. Coeckelbergh develops a social-relational account, suggesting that it can point us toward a dynamic, historicised evaluation of moral concern. While agreeing with Coeckelbergh’s move away from grounding moral concern in the ontological properties of entities, we suggest that it problematically upholds moral relativism. We suggest that the role of power, as described by Arendt and Foucault, is significant in social relations and as curating moral possibilities. This produces a clearer picture of the relations at hand and opens up the possibility that relations may be deemed violent. Violence as such gives us some way of evaluating the morality of a social relation, moving away from Coeckelbergh’s seeming relativism while retaining his emphasis on social–historical moral precedent.

Moral relativism and subjectivism

This chapter explores the claim that ethics is subjective or relative. In other words that there are no moral absolutes and that moral claims always vary depending on the dominant norms at the time. The chapter explains the difficulties with claims of this kind. It also considers how ethics can appreciate diversity within society and be tolerant, while holding on to moral absolutes.

PERAN GURU KRISTEN DALAM MENDIDIK KARAKTER KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA SISWA BERDASARKAN TINJAUAN FILSAFAT ETIKA KRISTEN [THE ROLE OF CHRISTIAN TEACHER IN EDUCATING STUDENTS’ LANGUAGE CHARACTER BASED ON CHRISTIAN ETHICS PHILOSOPHY]

<p>The character of students in class can be shown through the attitude of talking to others. The politeness of using the language is something that must be considered when someone interacts. However, the facts that occur in the world of education show that there are still students and teachers who do not pay attention to the politeness of the language while the lesson is taking place. This shows the lack of awareness of educators to apply and educate the character of students' politeness in the class. The purpose of this paper is to explain the important role of Christian teachers in educating the character of politeness in students' language use based on a review of Christian ethical philosophy. This writing is reviewed using the literature review method. The teachers as the example of morals, ethical mentors, and effective givers are responsible for educating the character of students holistically, in fulfilling God's calling to clarify the values of God's giving to the lives of each student. The politeness of the language is one realization of obedience to an ethic. Christian teachers need to have perspectives that refer to truth to avoid moral relativism. Through this perspective, the teachers are able to help students to have the right motivation in applying politeness in language, which are the response to the salvation of Christ and the tools for them to grow more like Christ. Suggestions for the teacher, it is better to develop sensitivity to the condition of students 'politeness of the language use and explore the principle of the language use politeness, and innovative ways to educate the character of students’ politeness in using the language.</p><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: </strong>Karakter siswa di kelas dapat ditunjukkan melalui sikap berbicara dengan orang lain. Kesantunan berbahasa menjadi hal yang harus diperhatikan ketika seseorang melakukan interaksi. Namun, fakta yang terjadi di dunia pendidikan menunjukkan masih terdapat siswa dan guru yang tidak memperhatikan kesantunan berbahasa saat pelajaran tengah berlangsung. Hal ini menunjukkan kurangnya kesadaran pendidik untuk menerapkan serta mendidik karakter kesantunan berbahasa siswa di kelas. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah menjelaskan pentingnya peran guru Kristen dalam mendidik karakter kesantunan berbahasa siswa berdasarkan tinjauan filsafat etika Kristen. Penulisan ini dikaji menggunakan metode kajian literatur. Guru sebagai contoh moral, mentor etika, dan pemberi yang efektif bertanggung jawab untuk mendidik karakter siswa secara holistis, dalam memenuhi panggilan Tuhan untuk memperjelas nilai-nilai pemberian Tuhan kepada kehidupan setiap siswa. Kesantunan berbahasa merupakan salah satu realisasi dari kepatuhan akan suatu etika. Guru Kristen perlu memiliki perspektif yang mengacu pada kebenaran untuk menghindari relativisme moral. Melalui perspektif tersebut, guru mampu menolong siswa untuk memiliki motivasi yang tepat dalam menerapkan kesantunan berbahasa, yakni sebagai tanggapan terhadap keselamatan Kristus serta sarana untuk mereka bertumbuh semakin menyerupai Kristus. Saran terhadap guru, sebaiknya perlu menumbuhkan kepekaan akan kondisi kesantunan berbahasa siswa dan mengeksplorasi prinsip kesantunan berbahasa, serta cara-cara inovatif untuk mendidik karakter kesantunan berbahasa siswa.</p>

The Tolerant Society and its Enemies: Moral Relativism, Multiculturalism, and Islamism

In this paper, T. M. Murray defends a vision of liberal tolerance as grounding the common good. She critiques the discourse that Western liberalism amounts to ‘Islamophobia’ or ‘cultural imperialism’. She argues that liberal academics, in maintaining these narratives, contradict their own vaunted values and tacitly collude with religious hypocrisy and intolerance. She argues for a universal vision of the common good broadly grounded in human flourishing and human nature and linked to the philosophies of Aristotle and J. S. Mill.

Moral Relativism, Metalinguistic Negotiation, and the Epistemic Significance of Disagreement

Although moral relativists often appeal to cases of apparent moral disagreement between members of different communities to motivate their view, accounting for these exchanges as evincing genuine disagreements constitutes a challenge to the coherence of moral relativism. While many moral relativists acknowledge this problem, attempts to solve it so far have been wanting. In response, moral relativists either give up the claim that there can be moral disagreement between members of different communities or end up with a view on which these disagreements have no “epistemic significance” because they are always faultless. This paper introduces an alternative strategy: accounting for disagreement in terms of “metalinguistic negotiation”. It argues that this strategy constitutes a better solution to the challenge disagreement poses for moral relativists because it leads to a nuanced understanding of the epistemic significance of moral disagreement between members of different communities. The upshot is a novel account of disagreement for moral relativists that has consequences for how moral relativism should be understood.