Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-166
Author(s):  
John-Mark Philo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
The Political ◽  
Tudor England ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

The conclusion draws together the main themes and concerns of the book: namely how the translation and application of Livy in Tudor England was intricately connected to the most pressing political and cultural concerns of the day. So too it reflects on Livy’s impact on the vernacular literatures of the period, including William Painter’s novellas and Shakespeare’s poetry and prose. It also underlines the fact that, rather than a diminishing interest in Livy, the seventeenth century saw the historian at the heart of the constitutional debates underpinning the English Civil War. The translation of Livy in the early-modern period, as the conclusion underlines, functioned not only as a reflection of the political concerns of the moment, but also as an active attempt to reshape, refashion, and urge forward those concerns. Though Livy’s part in the Classical Reception of the early-modern era is sometimes underplayed, it would be difficult to exaggerate the importance of Livy’s contribution to the culture and politics of sixteenth-, and indeed seventeenth-, century England.

Ireland and the Monarchy in the Early Stuart Multiple Kingdom

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Perceval-Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
The Way

Ireland's position as a kingdom in early modern Europe was, in some respects, unique, and this eccentricity sheds light upon the complexity of governing a multiple kingdom during the seventeenth century. The framework for looking at the way Ireland operated as a kingdom is provided, first by an article by Conrad Russell on ‘The British problem and the English civil war’ and secondly by an article by H. G. Koenigsberger entitled ‘Monarchies and parliaments in early modern Europe – dominium regale or dominium politicum et regale’. Russell listed six problems that faced multiple kingdoms: resentment at the king's absence, disposal of offices, sharing of war costs, trade and colonies, foreign intervention and religion. Koenigsberger used Sir John Fortescue's two phrases of the 1470s to distinguish between constitutional, or limited monarchies, and more authoritarian ones during the early modern period. Both these contributions are valuable in looking at the way the monarchy operated in Ireland because the application of the constitution there was deeply influenced by Ireland's position as part of a multiple kingdom and because Englishmen, looking at Ireland, wanted her to be like England, but, at the same time, did not wish her to exercise the type of independence that they claimed for England.

scholarly journals Priest, Preacher, Pastor: Research on Clerical Office in Early Modern Europe

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Schorn-Schütte
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Modern Europe

The discussion above can be summarized in three points that refer back to the introductory remarks.1. On the basis of their social origin and social integration, both Protestant pastors and Catholic pastoral clergy were a part of that bourgeois group who acted in the service of the secular authority; this applies to all of early modern Europe. What the pastors' family achieved on the social level through familial contacts in Protestant areas was established through the mediated connections of extended family, clientage, and friendship in Catholic areas. The similarities are strengthened by the comparable form and contents of education and of educational institutions. Insofar as the state of research allows generalization, it seems that the pastoral clergy of both confessions had attained a comparable level of education by the seventeenth century. In Catholic areas university study was the exception but priests were required to complete their education at a seminary, whose standards surely met the qualifications for a specialized professional education. A complete course of study in theology was not the rule within Protestantism, either; having graduated from a philosophical faculty was a sufficient qualification. In comparison with the standards of pre-Reformation education, there was a clear improvement in education that can be called the early modern “path toward a profession.” This, together with the development of a social and familial network, allows us to characterize the pastoral clergy of Europe during the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a part of that “power elite”144 who were essential for the early modern period.2. The formal conditions for the suitability of clerical officeholders reached cum grano salis a comparable level in all confessions throughout Europe during the seventeenth century. The disagreements concerning the evaluation of these conditions stem from the measures by which historical change is characterized. For the group of pastoral clergy examined here, the category of modernization proves to be insufficient, since there was a tendency transcending the confessions to appeal to prereformatory traditions in establishing an understanding of office. Historians must be able to describe how tradition was able both to accommodate and to be transformed.3. From this point of view the question of the clergy’s suitability for the goal of the developing modern state encompasses only half of the historical reality. The clergy and their contemporaries who comprised their congregations were also concerned with their role as mediators of the holy, of “the religious” in the world. Clerical perception of self and of office was decisively stamped by the conviction that despite all contradictions these formed an insoluble unity. For this reason we must also consider for both confessions the broad impact of the doctrine of the Christian state, whose core was the doctrine of the three estates. In the political and social controversies of the late sixteenth century the political impulse of this doctrine grew in strength in a way more clearly seen in Protestantism than in the territories that remained Catholic. Nevertheless the concept of the monarchia temperata in the Catholic understanding of authority also gave the clergy a right to criticize the ruler. The long tradition of the correctio principis was put into practice through the clerical understanding of office in both confessions and became a very concrete reality for people in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This is a typically early modern way of developing tradition further through the consensus of generations, whose relevance the historian of the early modern period must take just as seriously as the attempts of the secular authority to use the power elites in their own interests.

THE SEMANTICS OF ‘PEACE’ IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 127-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Withington
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

ABSTRACTThis paper begins to consider the meanings of a word that was ubiquitous in early modern culture, but which has been surprisingly neglected by historians. Focusing on printed sources and taking advantage of recent advances in digital technology, it outlines the changing uses of ‘peace’ between 1500 and 1700 and its predominant meanings at particular moments in time. The paper suggests that while these meanings were clearly derived from Christian and civic republican sources, the political conflicts of the seventeenth century saw the term politicised, appropriated and popularised in new and unexpected ways. It also argues that the semantic confusion which often attended ‘peace’ – most evident, perhaps, in its capacity to legitimise and sanction violence after 1640 – stemmed from its simultaneous role as a descriptor of society and self, and of spiritual and civil life. As a result, who should define, police and enforce peace became deeply contested issues of the course of the period. In tracing the semantics of the term in this way, the article serves as a contribution to the burgeoning historical literature on the paradigmatic vocabularies of the early modern era. It also illuminates the complicated relationship between words and concepts and the importance of both in motivating and legitimising social and political action.

scholarly journals Early Modern Midwives: Carving a Path in the Male-Dominated Field of Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Rachel Bedic
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

The field of Medicine in the early Modern period was primarily male-dominated. Women in the Early Modern era were faced with numerous challenges when pursuing a career in the medical field, due to not only their gender, but also the limitations they faced when obtaining formalized medical training. Due to their natural knowledge, women in the Early Modern period were able to thrive in the medical field as midwives despite having their authority constantly undermined by male authorities such as the Church and male physicians. Although female midwives lacked the formal education their male contemporaries received, their informal natural knowledge of the female body helped them thrive in a male-dominated field of medicine.GRADE RECEIVED: 85%PROFESSOR: Dr. Rose

Religion, Sovereignty, Messianism

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-61
Author(s):  
Adam Sutcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Political Theology ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Modern Period

This chapter focuses on political theology in the seventeenth century through the language of scripture. It talks about the two most dynamic Protestant states of the early modern period, the Dutch Republic and England. It assesses how the identification with Jews provided the theological underpinning for the Dutch Republic and England's self-image as divinely chosen, as well as the theological grammar for the two nations' internal political arguments. The chapter discusses the “Mosaic Republic” as a key reference point of the Dutch Republic and England's polities in the seventeenth century. It also talks about the political fascination with the Jews as an important force in shaping more welcoming policies, such as the readmission of Jews to England in 1656.

What Happened to the Renaissance in the German Academy? A Report on German “Renaissance” Institutes

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhard Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
European History ◽  
History Curriculum ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

Where is the research on the Renaissance being done in Germany? Is it true that “European history is still firmly divided among antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era,” and that therefore “the Renaissance occupies no space of its own in the history curriculum [of German universities]” as Professor Karant-Nunn has argued? The problem, it seems, is that German historians have largely abandoned the term “Renaissance” to denote the period between the Middle Ages and the modern era, using instead the term “early modern period” (Friihe Neuzeit), a term whose perimeters are variously defined as extending from the close of the Middle Ages to the end of the seventeenth century, or to the French Revolution, or even to the end of the old Reich in 1806.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
The Political ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ideological Tensions

On the evidence of the 75 palaces discussed in the book’s previous chapters, the conclusion distills four major concepts of space in the palatial architecture of the Islamic West and synthesizes their development from the arrival of Islam in in the region through the Early Modern Period. Planar, view-framing, linear, and interior understandings of space reflect answers to evolving questions about the nature of rulership during a span of history marked by dramatic shifts in power. Each concept of space makes a distinct statement about how rulers relate to society. Within the same palace, the seemingly incoherent combination of spatial concepts may articulate the political and ideological tensions of the moment. All four spatial concepts can, nevertheless, be understood as variations on the idea that space is infinite, which may be considered the uniting characteristic of Islamic palatial architecture in the western Mediterranean.

El discurso anti-islámico castellano: de disputa teológica a cimiento del proyecto universalista carolino (1460–1530)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-424
Author(s):  
Constanza Cavallero
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
European History ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Christian Discourse

Abstract From a comparative perspective, I will study two anti-Islamic Castilian writings produced during the period of the transition between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era: Alonso de Espina’s Fortalitium fidei (1460) and Gonzalo de Arredondo’s Castillo inexpugnable defensorio de la fe (1528). This study compares the terms in which each of these works addresses (a) the confrontation with Islam, (b) dissensions within Christianity, and (c) the king’s role in the midst of those conflicts. The contrastive approach to these analogous works, which were written almost seven decades apart, will allow an analysis of two different articulations of anti-Saracen Christian discourse in Spain, both before and after some key milestones in European history. These different perceptions of Islam had an impact on the conception of Christianity and Europe itself at the very beginning of the early modern period.

scholarly journals Reindeer Pastoralism

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-194
Author(s):  
Jesper Larsson ◽  
Eva-Lotta Päiviö Sjaunja
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Common Pool Resources ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Property Regime

AbstractThe chapter focuses on intensive reindeer husbandry or reindeer pastoralism, which was a tenure system that emerged in the early modern period. Reindeer pastoralism and grazing are deeply interconnected and we therefore illuminate the ecological settings for reindeer grazing. A large part of the debate about governing common-pool resources has dealt with pastoralists and their grazing lands. Important features of reindeer pastoralism are described, including a discussion about how the number of tame reindeer developed in early modern era. The chapter ends with a portrayal of and a discussion about individual households’ rights to use certain areas for grazing, chiefly based on descriptions of contemporary court rulings from the local court in Jokkmokk. We show how a common-property regime evolved.

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