Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
The Political ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ideological Tensions

On the evidence of the 75 palaces discussed in the book’s previous chapters, the conclusion distills four major concepts of space in the palatial architecture of the Islamic West and synthesizes their development from the arrival of Islam in in the region through the Early Modern Period. Planar, view-framing, linear, and interior understandings of space reflect answers to evolving questions about the nature of rulership during a span of history marked by dramatic shifts in power. Each concept of space makes a distinct statement about how rulers relate to society. Within the same palace, the seemingly incoherent combination of spatial concepts may articulate the political and ideological tensions of the moment. All four spatial concepts can, nevertheless, be understood as variations on the idea that space is infinite, which may be considered the uniting characteristic of Islamic palatial architecture in the western Mediterranean.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-166
Author(s):  
John-Mark Philo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
The Political ◽  
Tudor England ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

The conclusion draws together the main themes and concerns of the book: namely how the translation and application of Livy in Tudor England was intricately connected to the most pressing political and cultural concerns of the day. So too it reflects on Livy’s impact on the vernacular literatures of the period, including William Painter’s novellas and Shakespeare’s poetry and prose. It also underlines the fact that, rather than a diminishing interest in Livy, the seventeenth century saw the historian at the heart of the constitutional debates underpinning the English Civil War. The translation of Livy in the early-modern period, as the conclusion underlines, functioned not only as a reflection of the political concerns of the moment, but also as an active attempt to reshape, refashion, and urge forward those concerns. Though Livy’s part in the Classical Reception of the early-modern era is sometimes underplayed, it would be difficult to exaggerate the importance of Livy’s contribution to the culture and politics of sixteenth-, and indeed seventeenth-, century England.

Early Modern Period (1500–1800 CE)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Barbary States

This chapter surveys the limited evidence on Islamic palatial architecture in the Western Mediterranean during the Early Modern Period. Northern Africa was weakly incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as the Barbary States. In the capital cities– Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers – leaders took on the trappings of traditional Islamic rulers and preserved the earlier architectural styles and concepts of space in their palace designs. In Morocco a succession of Berber and Arab dynasties resisted the Ottomans and united the far-western Maghreb. These rulers underpinned their rule by religious ideology and built huge palatial cities featuring a diversity of architectural forms at the “royal cities” (Fes, Marrakesh, Rabat and Méknes) – though, for the most part, the chief typologies and spatial concepts were developed in previous centuries. Towards the end of the period, the growing influence of European colonialism brought an end to the tradition of Islamic architecture in both regions.

Select document: ‘The present state of Ireland’, 1749

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (144) ◽  
pp. 581-597
Author(s):  
Eoin Magennis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Present State ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Government

The effectiveness of the government of Ireland throughout the period of its rule by England and then Britain depended on the accuracy of the information provided to Dublin Castle and sent from thence to the political masters, based largely in London. The text reproduced below is one of a large number of manuscripts that were sent periodically in the early modern period and the eighteenth century to inform those not resident in Ireland about conditions in the country. Some of these are calls to action for various monarchs or their ministers, with prescriptions for the ‘reform’ of Ireland.

Thomas Müntzer and John Knox: Radical and Magisterial Reformers?

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-545
Author(s):  
PETER MATHESON
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Political Realm

A distinction is often made between magisterial and radical reformers in the early modern period, Luther and Thomas Müntzer being frequently taken as representatives of two quite different reformations, especially in regard to the understanding of Scripture and of the political realm. It can, however, be argued that the Reformation as a whole was radical, and that it is misleading to characterise one aspect of it as mainstream, another peripheral. The comparison between Müntzer and the Scottish reformer, John Knox, appears to support the contention that the chasm between the two camps is not unbridgeable.

scholarly journals A Hive of Her Own: Early Modern Women Beekeepers

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-194
Author(s):  
Shannon Jane Garner
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Domestic Spaces ◽  
Early Modern Women ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Key Participants

While much important work has been done on the early modern fascination with the political nature of bees and bee societies, this essay instead takes a closer look at the conflation of honeybees, women, and domestic spaces within the multi-generic textual ecology of early modern beekeeping. In the early modern period women were the primary beekeepers. As key participants in this art of sustained and intimate collaboration across species and environment, these women managed their own hives using the multifaceted skills of the early modern housewife, including textile arts, brewing, distilling, medicine, horticulture, and husbandry. This essay highlights the tension between knowledgeable women apiarists and male textual authorities in early modern apiary treatises and husbandry manuals and focuses on the persistent descriptive slippage between both bees and women and the hive and home in early modern sources. In early modern texts women’s bodies, domestic spaces, and hives are all over-determined entities invested in containment, preservation, and productivity. This essay emphasizes the ways in which early modern women and the occupants of the hives they cared for resisted and worked within the allegorical, anthropocentric, and patriarchal frameworks provided for them in the textual narratives of the early modern period.

Hippologischer Fachdiskurs und dialogische Fiktion

Daphnis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-443
Author(s):  
Stefanie Stockhorst
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Textual Strategies

Abstract This contribution analyses the textual strategies in Danup’s literary dialogue, which is enriched in many ways with literary topoi and rhetorical devices. It is, in fact, a specialised text on the art of horsemanship, which proves to be surprisingly innovative in this regard. However, it is not only relevant to the hippological, but also to the political culture of the early modern period. For the author updates a literary genre pattern, takes up literary traditions and uses aesthetic means for successful self-promotion as an expert.

Reading Early Modern literature through OED3

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Giles Goodland
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Early Modern Literature ◽  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Selection Of

We may think we know what a neologism is, but it is hard to isolate the nature of the moment in which neologizing occurs. In literature sometimes this moment is enacted for effects that may not belong to the discourses of normal communication, and these effects are compounded when it is a loan-neologism. The Early Modern period was one of increasing contact between the languages of Europe, and literature responded to this in a variety of ways. This paper looks at neologistic borrowings into English literature, using a selection of canonical authors as refracted through the Oxford English Dictionary, to see if they can tell us something about the porousness of literary language in this period. Keywords: Oxford English Dictionary; Shakespeare; Jonson; Dryden; Skelton; loan word; neologism

scholarly journals Priest, Preacher, Pastor: Research on Clerical Office in Early Modern Europe

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Schorn-Schütte
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Modern Europe

The discussion above can be summarized in three points that refer back to the introductory remarks.1. On the basis of their social origin and social integration, both Protestant pastors and Catholic pastoral clergy were a part of that bourgeois group who acted in the service of the secular authority; this applies to all of early modern Europe. What the pastors' family achieved on the social level through familial contacts in Protestant areas was established through the mediated connections of extended family, clientage, and friendship in Catholic areas. The similarities are strengthened by the comparable form and contents of education and of educational institutions. Insofar as the state of research allows generalization, it seems that the pastoral clergy of both confessions had attained a comparable level of education by the seventeenth century. In Catholic areas university study was the exception but priests were required to complete their education at a seminary, whose standards surely met the qualifications for a specialized professional education. A complete course of study in theology was not the rule within Protestantism, either; having graduated from a philosophical faculty was a sufficient qualification. In comparison with the standards of pre-Reformation education, there was a clear improvement in education that can be called the early modern “path toward a profession.” This, together with the development of a social and familial network, allows us to characterize the pastoral clergy of Europe during the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a part of that “power elite”144 who were essential for the early modern period.2. The formal conditions for the suitability of clerical officeholders reached cum grano salis a comparable level in all confessions throughout Europe during the seventeenth century. The disagreements concerning the evaluation of these conditions stem from the measures by which historical change is characterized. For the group of pastoral clergy examined here, the category of modernization proves to be insufficient, since there was a tendency transcending the confessions to appeal to prereformatory traditions in establishing an understanding of office. Historians must be able to describe how tradition was able both to accommodate and to be transformed.3. From this point of view the question of the clergy’s suitability for the goal of the developing modern state encompasses only half of the historical reality. The clergy and their contemporaries who comprised their congregations were also concerned with their role as mediators of the holy, of “the religious” in the world. Clerical perception of self and of office was decisively stamped by the conviction that despite all contradictions these formed an insoluble unity. For this reason we must also consider for both confessions the broad impact of the doctrine of the Christian state, whose core was the doctrine of the three estates. In the political and social controversies of the late sixteenth century the political impulse of this doctrine grew in strength in a way more clearly seen in Protestantism than in the territories that remained Catholic. Nevertheless the concept of the monarchia temperata in the Catholic understanding of authority also gave the clergy a right to criticize the ruler. The long tradition of the correctio principis was put into practice through the clerical understanding of office in both confessions and became a very concrete reality for people in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This is a typically early modern way of developing tradition further through the consensus of generations, whose relevance the historian of the early modern period must take just as seriously as the attempts of the secular authority to use the power elites in their own interests.

The General Settlement of 1577: An Aspect of Spanish Finance in the Early Modern Period

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Total Freedom ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Financial Groups ◽  
Imperial State

The states of sixteenth-century Europe fell into two financial groups. France and Spain, in a class of their own, enjoyed an apparently total freedom for much of the time from the normal constraints, and this in spite of their rapidly escalating debts. The other European states which made up the second category were compelled to observe far more stringent controls. The distinction between the two groups was further underlined by the question of credit. Although the Habsburg and Valois monarchs spent in a way that was both financially reckless and socially unpitying, the moneyed classes were only too eager to advance additional funds. Repeated, and sometimes spectacular, failures seemed rarely to have damped their enthusiasm. The smaller states seldom found such ease of access to credit. For most of the time they were obliged to maintain a semblance of order by sustained and sordid frugality - the bilking of minor creditors, the levying of dubious ‘loans’, or the dissipation of capital. While no strangers to these devices, France and Spain were able to operate for prolonged periods free from ordinary limitations. But even for these privileged beings the moment of truth eventually arrived. Resources were finite; and even an imperial state could exhaust the credit, if not the credulity, of its principal bankers. Such an intrusion of reality took the form of a public bankruptcy.

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