Changing Hats

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-220
Author(s):  
Kim Christian Priemel
Keyword(s):  
Practical Experience ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
World War ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
War Crimes Tribunals ◽  
Second World

The war crimes tribunals at Nuremberg are well known as key arenas of judicial retribution after the Second World War and for institutionalizing international criminal justice. Their personnel, the ‘Nuremberg lawyers’, have been credited with advancing the cause of international law and (re)building the post-war global order. Critics, though, have chastised what they conceive of as the mistaken recourse to legal ideas and legal language as an either naïve or outright hypocritical, but in any case inadequate way of addressing the challenges of power politics in the Cold War era and beyond. Common to both sides are sweeping, often implicit notions of who the ‘Nuremberg lawyers’ actually were, what drove them, and how they interacted. By categorizing academic training and practical experience, national and biographical contexts, normative inclinations, individual ambitions, and practical functions, this chapter offers a classification of Nuremberg’s lawyers which provides a helpful taxonomic tool for international tribunals more generally.

Émigré Politics and the Cold War: The National Labor Alliance (NTS), United States Intelligence Agencies and Post-War Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tromly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Strategies ◽  
World War ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article examines the post-war activities of the National Labor Alliance (NTS), a far-right Russian exile organisation whose members had served in German intelligence and propaganda structures during the Second World War. Using declassified CIA documents and previously untapped sources pertaining to NTS, it analyses the transformation of a semi-fascistic, collaborationist and anti-Semitic organisation into a Cold War asset of the CIA. The NTS played a role in shaping its association with US power by applying deceptive political strategies it had adopted during the interwar period and the Second World War to the new geopolitical context of divided Europe.

scholarly journals The Birth of the Post-War World: Planning and Realities (To 75 Anniversary of the Great Victory and the creation of the UNO. Article one)

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Alexey Gromyko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
World War ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

The article is dedicated to the 75-th anniversaries since the end of the Second World War and the creation of the United Nations. The author explores the evolution of key ideas, including the contribution of the Soviet diplomatic strategy, on the post-war world and interaction among the great powers. Special attention is drawn to the phenomenon of the ―Roosevelt course‖ and the atmosphere in the Soviet-American relations during the war. The main approaches of the allies’ diplomacy towards principles of post-war cooperation are analysed. It is shown that the emergence of the Cold War was not inevitable and did not correspond to the national interests of great powers. In the course of the war their vision was based mainly on pragmatism and security interests rather than on antagonistic ideologies. In terms of chronology the start of the Cold War is proposed to attribute not to a concrete year but to a period from 1945 to the end of the decade. The author underlines the outstanding and unique nature of the UN as the most enduring legacy of the Second World War, which has not lost its acute role in 2020. This research will be continued in the next paper by the author.

Germany is No More: Defeat, Occupation, and the Postwar Order

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Southern States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

This article focuses on a completely back lashed Germany after the Second World War. More people died in the Second World War than in any other conflict before or since. Particularly between the Elbe and the Volga, the Nazi war of extermination left a wasteland of death. This article traces the gradual transformations that came over Germany post 1945. After the ‘unconditional surrender’ of 8 May, 1945 — the formulation was initially coined for the defeated Southern states in the American Civil War — German territories came under the control of the four Allied Powers, creating an ambiguous legal status unprecedented in the history of modern international law. Divided into four major territories, each under the control of the allied forces, Germany was no longer a sovereign state. This article further traces the effects of the post-war era followed by the gradual embracing of democracy. The Cold War and the final descending of peace in the German territory winds up this article.

scholarly journals Was the Alternative to the Cold War Possible? (To 75 anniversary of Great Victory and the creation of the UN). Article two

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Alexey Gromyko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Subjective Factor ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

The article continues the research of the “big three” strategic thinking, especially the USSR and the USA, during the Second World War, their contribution to the post-war settlement with the United Nations as a key element. Their approaches to new mechanisms of global governance were developing on parallel and overlapping courses. On the chronology of the Cold War, the author proposes to define its start as an extended period from 1945 until the end of the decade. This methodology avoids absolutization of intentions, separate events and statements. Instead it imbeds them in the process of political-military structures’ construction, designed for regional and global confrontation. The attention is paid to the role of the subjective factor in transition of the “big three” from cooperation to the Cold War. The meaning of the Iranian crisis is demonstrated as an additional source of the Cold War’s premises. The author reveals the milieu of conflicting views in the US political establishment on the legacy of the “Roosevelt course” including the nuclear factor. The conclusion is drawn that in the years of the Second World War great powers pursued long-term policy towards the post-war settlement putting aside political conjuncture.

Dutch Communism in Transition: The Unfolding of a National Cold War during Political Reconstruction, 1944–8

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1042-1062
Author(s):  
Tijn Sinke
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Dutch Politics ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Outcome ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

Within three years after the Second World War, the wartime alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, and between communist and bourgeois resistance forces, had collapsed. By 1948, Dutch communists found themselves in total isolation. Historians have generally treated this phenomenon in light of the ‘restoration’ of pre-war structures – including anticommunist attitudes – or by interpreting the Cold War as an international phenomenon ‘imposed’ on Dutch society. Neither view pays sufficient attention to the contingency of transition politics and the power struggle that was fought between 1944 and 1948. My project focuses on the Dutch Communist Party’s (CPN) attempt to forge a political breakthrough by forming a front of progressive forces against the ‘reaction’, and on the responses of non-communist political and intellectual actors. Instead of interpreting the 1948 stalemate as a ‘natural’ outcome, this article highlights the combination of historical anticommunism, dynamics of transition politics and strategic solidification that accounts for the emergence of the Dutch Cold War. The reinvention of the rules of Dutch politics during political reconstruction ultimately led to the ruination of the post-war communist breakthrough. This resembles the process going on in other European countries, but with important unique features.

American Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 542-560
Author(s):  
Heather A. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Insight Into

Reinhold Niebuhr’s ability to analyse the most fundamental aspects of human existence and reckon with them on the grandest scale has remained relevant for American foreign policy since the 1930s. In the contexts of the interwar years, the Second World War, the immediate post-war world, and the Cold War, Niebuhr called attention to the importance of justice, pride, national interest, and prudence in deliberations about the United States’ responsibilities in an interdependent world that faced the menace of communism. The Irony of American History (1952) was his extended examination of America in the new international system, and it included recommendations to guide the making of American foreign policy. Niebuhr’s principles provide insight into US successes and failures in the Vietnam, Bosnian, and Gulf Wars.

scholarly journals CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND HUNGARY AT THE BRUSSELS EXPO OF 1958- NATIONALISM IN THE DISPLAY OF SOCIALIST MODERNITY AND THE GLOBAL CULTURAL POLITICS OF THE COLD WAR.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkaprabha Pal
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
New Man ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

The Brussels EXPO of 1958 was envisioned by its organisers as a platform to renew the intellectual, spiritual and moral powers of humanism after the horrors of the Second World War. In its post-War setting, it aimed to promote the new Man by crossing the anxious binaries of Cold War politics. In reality, however, it fed on these very anxieties with the USA and USSR using art, technology, architectural designs to further the propaganda of their respective competing antagonistic political worldview. But, some small countries like the Soviet satellite states of Czechoslovakia and Hungary made a significant impact through their pavilions on the millions of visitors. The death of Stalin in 1953 followed by the comparatively liberal policies of Khrushchev and the consequent political disturbances in Hungary and, political reforms in Czechoslovakia determined the content and styling of the pavilions at the Expo. Both the countries marked a shift from socialist realism and posited themselves through art, architecture or technological displays which were more abstract, innovative, individualistic, existential, humanistic and even avant-garde. Moreover, the local, regional, ethnic and even the national were strongly emphasized in the pavilions, some of which at times were bereft of the traditional symbolism of a socialist state. The emphasis on the national illustrated the contradictions in the ideology and action of politics in these east and central European countries in the light of the post-Stalinist era. These contradictions, not only helped to realign the dominance of socialism internally, but had global implications and intentions in the cultural Cold War, which were played out through the content and styling of the pavilions at the expo in Brussels.

scholarly journals Men at work: masculinity, work and class in King of the Coral Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Chelsea Barnett
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Gender And Work ◽  
Coral Sea ◽  
Post War ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

In the aftermath of Second World War and in the beginning years of the Cold War, newly elected Prime Minister Robert Menzies reaffirmed the institutional relationship between masculinity and breadwinning that also spoke to a specific national ideal. In accordance with the ‘national narrative of work’, this article looks to historicise the relationship between historically specific understandings of gender and work, and how that relationship was represented in the 1954 Australian film King of the Coral Sea. Based around the pearling industry in the Torres Strait, the film’s narrative shows the introduction of new technology and the management of the workplace; both these representations functioned in accordance with post-war middle-class values. This article argues that King of the Coral Sea’s engagement with gendered ideals of work and class not only carries specific national meanings but also had broader implications for understandings of masculinity in the context of the Australian 1950s.

In the Shadow of the Holocaust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fleming
Keyword(s):  
War Crimes ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

In the midst of the Second World War, the Allies acknowledged Germany's ongoing programme of extermination. In the Shadow of the Holocaust examines the struggle to attain post-war justice and prosecution. Focusing on Poland's engagement with the United Nations War Crimes Commission, it analyses the different ways that the Polish Government in Exile (based in London from 1940) agitated for an Allied response to German atrocities. Michael Fleming shows that jurists associated with the Government in Exile made significant contributions to legal debates on war crimes and, along with others, paid attention to German crimes against Jews. By exploring the relationship between the UNWCC and the Polish War Crimes Office under the authority of the Polish Government in Exile and later, from the summer of 1945, the Polish Government in Warsaw, Fleming provides a new lens through which to examine the early stages of the Cold War.

Squatting: The Fight for Decent Shelter, 1970s–1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
John Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the twenty years after the Second World War, housing began to be seen as a basic right among many in the west, and the British welfare state included many policies and provisions to provide decent shelter for its citizens. This article focuses on the period circa 1968–85, because this was a time in England when the lack of affordable, secure-tenured housing reached a crisis level at the same time that central and local governmental housing policies received wider scrutiny for their ineffectiveness. My argument is that despite post-war laws and rhetoric, many Britons lived through a housing disaster and for many the most rational way they could solve their housing needs was to exploit loopholes in the law (as well as to break them out right). While the main focus of the article is on young British squatters, there is scope for transnational comparison. Squatters in other parts of the world looked to their example to address the housing needs in their own countries, especially as privatization of public services spread globally in the 1980s and 1990s. Dutch, Spanish, German and American squatters were involved in a symbiotic exchange of ideas and sometimes people with the British squatters and each other, and practices and rhetoric from one place were quickly adopted or rejected based on the success or failure in each place.

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