AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPY IMAGES USING THE DLGRAM01 CLOUD SERVICE

Исследование материалов методами микроскопии нередко включает стадию подсчета количества наблюдаемых объектов и определения их статистических параметров, для чего необходимо измерять сотни объектов. В работе описан облачный сервис DLgram01, который позволяет специалистам в области материаловедения, не имеющих навыков программирования, выполнять автоматизированную обработку изображений - определять количество и параметры (площадь, размер) изучаемых объектов. Сервис разработан с использованием новейших достижений в области глубокого машинного обучения, для обучения нейронной сети пользователю необходимо разметить несколько изучаемых объектов. Обучение нейронной сети производится автоматически за несколько минут. Важными особенностями сервиса DLgram01 является возможность корректировать результаты предсказания нейронной сети, а также получение детальной информации о всех распознанных объектах. Использование сервиса позволяет существенно сократить временные затраты на количественный анализ изображений, снизить влияние субъективного фактора, повысить точность анализа и его эргоемкость. The study of materials by microscopy often includes counting the number of observed objects and determining their statistical parameters, for which it is necessary to measure hundreds of objects. The created DLgram01 cloud service allows specialists in the field of materials science who do not have programming skills to perform automated image processing - to determine the number and parameters (area, size) of the objects under study. The service is developed using the latest achievements in the field of deep machine learning. To train a neural network, the user needs to label only several objects. The neural network is trained automatically in a few minutes. Important features of the DLgram01 service are the ability to adjust the results of neural network prediction, as well as obtaining detailed information about all recognized objects. Using the service allows to significantly decrease the time for quantitative image analysis, reduce the influence of the subjective factor, increase the accuracy of the analysis and its ergo-intensity.

Encyclopedias as tools of modernization: Stalinist versions of agrarian knowledge

The article considers directions of the agrarian modernization as presented in the four editions of the Soviet agricultural encyclopedia from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. On the basis of some historical examples and theoretical concepts, the author explains the scientific, ideological and political significance of encyclopedias in the formation of social knowledge and ideology; shows how during the Stalinist period, the Soviet agricultural encyclopedias passed through several successive great leaps in the representation of agrarian knowledge under the accelerated Soviet modernization; stresses the manipulative way of managing agrarian knowledge and human capital in agriculture - on behalf of the leader and ruling party. The article describes the transition from the first Soviet encyclopedia of the 1920s, which focused on the modernization of peasant Russia, to the encyclopedia of the early 1930s, which denied the importance of the peasantry and praised the projects of large-scale industrial-agricultural production; many authors of the first peasant encyclopedia were repressed. The encyclopedia of the late 1930s reflects the fight against the authors of the previous encyclopedia of the great leap and the purges in the name of the ideology of the planning-management approach in the further modernization of Soviet agriculture. The encyclopedia of the late 1940s - early 1950s reflects the victory of the technocratic-bureaucratic worldview and personnel approach to the agrarian sphere, which prevailed in the agriculture of the USSR until the very end of the Soviet era. The author focuses on the influence of the subjective factor (political leaders, editors-in-chief and anonymous authors) on the ideology, topics and style of encyclopedic articles. In conclusion, the author notes that the strong ideological control and volatile political situation distorted knowledge in the Soviet agrarian encyclopedias, which negatively affected the quality of rural human capital and largely predetermined the stagnation of rural development in the late USSR.

НАУЧНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ в 1990-е – НАЧАЛЕ 2000-х гг.: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ И ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ

В статье рассматривается процесс выработки концептуальных и институциональных основ научного обеспечения государственной национальной политики в постсоветский период. Отмечается, что необходимость разработки новых подходов к анализу этнополитических процессов, совершенствования механизмов научной экспертизы была связана с резким обострением межэтнической напряженности в конце 1980-х – начале 1990-х гг. В новых условиях выдвигались концепции, подчеркивавшие значительную роль субъективного фактора в определении этнических идентичностей, возможность смены самоидентификации, изменчивость межгрупповых границ. Делался акцент на необходимость формирования гражданской нации, объединяющей россиян независимо от этнической и конфессиональной принадлежности. Идеи, связанных с указанными положениями, нашли отражение в основополагающих государственных актах Российской Федерации – Конституции 1993 г., Концепции государственной национальной политики. Воплотить в жизнь новые принципы должен был ряд законов, в частности, закон о национально-культурных автономиях 1996 г. Вместе с тем острые дискуссии в академическом сообществе по вопросу о природе этничности, постепенное снижение интереса властей к регулированию межэтнических отношений затруднили выстраивание эффективной системы научного обоснования государственной национальной политики. Существенные позитивные сдвиги в этой области происходят только в 2010-е гг. The article examines the institutional mechanisms and conceptual foundations of the scientific support of the state national policy in the post-Soviet period. The need to develop new approaches to the analysis of ethnopolitical processes and improve the mechanisms of scientific expertise was caused by the rise of interethnic tension in the late 1980s - early 1990s. The concepts proposed in the new situation emphasized the significant role of the subjective factor in ethnic identification, the possibility of changing self-identification, and the variability of intergroup boundaries. Emphasis was placed on forming a civil nation that would unite all Russians regardless of ethnicity and confessional affiliation. These ideas influenced important provisions of the fundamental state acts of the Russian Federation - the Constitution of 1993, the Concept of State Ethnic Policy. A number of laws were supposed to implement the new principles, particularly the 1996 Law on national and cultural autonomies. At the same time, heated discussions in the academic community on the nature of ethnicity, the gradual decline of the authorities' interest in regulating interethnic relations made it difficult to build an effective system of scientific support of the state ethnic policy. Significant positive shifts in this area took place only in the 2010s.

Conceptual Framework of Sustainable Management of the Process of Forming a Project Team with Functional Redundancy

The paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human resource management processes in project-oriented companies. It is proposed to use formal transformations on groups of performers. The use of formal transformations will reduce the influence of the subjective factor and improve the quality of sustainability management decisions made when forming a project team. The formalization of the selection process of applicants and the distribution of work among the performers have been considered. The existing methods of forming a project team with functional redundancy are approximate. Methodological support for the process of forming a project team with functional redundancy, based on a logical-combinatorial approach, and allowing to form project teams under given constraints, is proposed. A method of forming a functionally redundant project team based on formal transformations of groups of performers has been developed. The use of the apparatus of symbolic sequences for the formation of a project team with functional redundancy is proposed. An example of using the proposed method when forming a command with functional redundancy is considered. It is shown that the use of this methodological support makes it possible to select the composition of the project team with the minimum number and the minimum value of the characteristic.

DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING AND ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY OF HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE INTERRELATION OF A COMBINATION OF CYTOKINES AND OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS USING AN INTELLIGENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

В работе рассмотрено сравнение экспериментальных распределений количества клеток для определения цитологического и иммунологического эффекта, оказываемого одновременным воздействием офтальмологических препаратов Броксинак® и Офтальмоферон® на клетки с конъюнктивы больного человека, направленное на совершенствование методики оценки комбинаций офтальмологических лекарственных средств in vitro. Доклинические исследования дают возможность определить эффективность применения лекарственных средств, возможные противопоказания и побочные эффекты, чтобы в дальнейшем определиться с объемом клинических испытаний и самой возможностью их проведения. В последнее время в различных областях медицины применяют счетчики клеток. Счетчики определяют не только количество клеток в образце, но и их размеры и объем, что позволяет сделать предположение о виде клеточной структуры. Подобные приборы позволяют автоматизировать подсчет клеток, определение их размеров и объема, что исключает субъективный фактор и возможность получения ошибочных данных, а также упрощает процедуру и позволяет получить результаты в короткий срок. На основе использования методов индуктивного вывода предложена методика построения гипотез о взаимосвязи комбинации цитокинов с пролиферативной активностью клеток. Методика учитывает синергическое взаимодействие цитокинов и использует последовательное построение логических формул для отбора групп цитокинов, статистический анализ таблиц сопряженности и логическую интеграцию полученных оценок. Реализация предложенной методики в рамках ИС позволит существенно ускорить научные исследования в этой области. Приведена итоговая методика построения гипотез о взаимосвязи комбинации цитокинов с биологической активностью клеток The paper considers a comparison of experimental distributions of the number of cells to determine the cytological and immunological effect of the simultaneous action of ophthalmic drugs Broxinac® and Oftalmoferon® on cells from the conjunctiva of a sick person, aimed at improving the methodology for assessing combinations of ophthalmic drugs in vitro. Preclinical studies make it possible to determine the effectiveness of the use of drugs, possible contraindications and side effects, in order to further determine the volume of clinical trials and the very possibility of their conduct. Recently, cell counters have been used in various fields of medicine. Counters determine not only the number of cells in the sample, but also their size and volume, which allows us to make an assumption about the type of cell structure. Such devices allow automating the counting of cells, determining their size and volume, which eliminates the subjective factor and the possibility of obtaining erroneous data, and also simplifies the procedure and allows you to get results in a short time. Based on the use of inductive inference methods, a method is proposed for constructing hypotheses about the relationship between the combination of cytokines and the proliferative activity of cells. The method takes into account the synergistic interaction of cytokines and uses the sequential construction of logical formulas for the selection of groups of cytokines, statistical analysis of contingency tables and logical integration of the estimates obtained. The implementation of the proposed methodology within the Information System will significantly accelerate research in this area. The final technique for constructing hypotheses about the relationship of the combination of cytokines with the biological activity of cells is presented

Internal-Control Willingness and Managerial Overconfidence

Internal control is a branch of accounting subject, and accounting control and risk management are the core of enterprise internal control. Previous studies have shown that high-quality internal control inhibits or regulates managerial overconfidence (MOC). However, it is believed that the influential factors of internal-control quality (ICQ) are normally objective factors, such as corporate characteristics, financial status, and governance structure. Corresponding to another type of constituent element, that is, the subjective factor, which we called internal-control willingness, has not been explored. In this study, we defined internal-control willingness as the degrees of the subjective initiative of the internal-control construction and execution activities of enterprises. In addition, we proposed a method to measure internal-control willingness based on text analysis and principal component analysis using Python, and then, we tested its impact on ICQ and MOC. Our findings are as follows: (A) internal-control willingness has a positive impact on ICQ, and (B) internal-control willingness lowers MOC. Our study introduces subjective initiative factors into the field of internal control and also extends the understanding of internal-control theory. Based on empirical conclusions, we suggested that regulatory authorities and corporate boards improve incentive mechanisms to jointly strengthen the internal-control willingness of all employees, so as to help enterprise managers operate rationally.

Ibn Khaldun's concepts in the mirror of Arab political and economic identity

The topic of the asymmetry of the processes of globalization, regionalization, localization of international life, for all its fame, does not negate the relevance of deep analysis, especially in the case of traditional societies. Therefore, we set ourselves the task of exploring the ethnohistorical, spiritual, cultural, economic and political spheres of the life of the peoples of the Arab region in retrospection and dynamics using historical-logical, comparative methods and a systematic approach. We also put forward hypotheses that: 1) the key subjective factor influencing the political decision-making markets are the interests of the elite, political leaders in the context of resolving conflicts in the tradition of Muslim diplomacy; 2) the economic, political, legal and philosophical-religious thought of the Arab countries developed under the influence of Islam set forth in the Koran - the holy book of Muslims; 3) the origins of these concepts were laid by Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Khaldun and other thinkers of the XI-XV centuries; 4) by analogy with Western political economists, starting with Thomas Aquinas, one can carry out analysis in the paradigm of the so-called “moral economists”

The door swings in and out: The impact of family support and country stability on success of women entrepreneurs in the Arab world

Women-owned businesses represent a significant segment of the contemporary economy upon a global basis. However, women entrepreneurs still experience more obstacles than men depending on cultural context; for example, research on the Arab world concerning the interaction between women entrepreneurs and their families remains under-developed. Consequently, we ground our study upon an enhanced framework of agency theory, which includes family altruism. We examined the relationships between business-family interface (BFI) enrichment components and the performance of firms headed by female entrepreneurs women in Jordan and Sudan. Specifically, we investigated if and how the country level of political and social stability moderates these relationships. The findings suggest that the relationship between the family-related objective factor (family financial support) and the performance of firms headed by female entrepreneurs is not affected by the country’s political and social stability context. Conversely, the family-related subjective factor (family moral support) is affected by this context. Our study bridges the gap in contextual studies on the Arab world concerning the success of women-owned businesses and confirms how institutional elements affect business in addition to family-related matters. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.

Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Processing and Interpretation of Data from a Scanning Magnetic Introscope

Summary This paper presents the efficiency of using artificial neural networks for solving problems of processing and interpreting geophysical data obtained by scanning magnetic introscopy. Neural networks of various architectures have been implemented to solve the problems of processing primary material, searching for well structure objects,identifying casing defects. The analysis of the capabilities of neural networks in comparison with mathematical algorithms is carried out. To test machine learning algorithms and mathematical algorithms for processing, visualizing and storing the results, a software shell was created in which all tasks are solved using a set of tools. It was found that the use of artificial neural networks can significantly speed up the process of data processing and interpretation, as well as improve the quality of the results in comparison with individual mathematical algorithms. Nevertheless, the use of mathematical algorithms in solving some problems gives consistently better results. In particular, the problematic aspects were identified at the stage of interpretation when identifying defects. This is due to the presence of conventions in the isolation of defects by the operator at the stage of preparing data for training neural networks, which is a subjective factor and requires a deeper study.

User Curiosity Factor in Determining Serendipity of Recommender System

Recommender rystem (RS) is created to solve the problem by recommending some items among a huge selection of items that will be useful for the e-commerce users. RS prevents the users from being flooded by information that is irrelevant for them.Unlike information retrieval (IR) systems, the RS system's goal is to present information to the users that is accurate and preferably useful to them. Too much focus on accuracy in RS may lead to an overspecialization problem, which will decrease its effectiveness. Therefore, the trend in RS research is focusing beyond accuracy methods, such as serendipity. Serendipity can be described as an unexpected discovery that is useful. Since the concept of a recommendation system is still evolving today, formalizing the definition of serendipity in a recommendation system is very challenging.One known subjective factor of serendipity is curiosity. While some researchers already addressed curiosity factor, it is found that the relationships between various serendipity component as perceived by the users and their curiosity levels is still yet to be researched. In this paper, the method to determine user curiosity model by considering the variation of rated items was presented, then relation to serendipity components using existing user feedback data was validated. The finding showed that the curiosity model was related to some user-perceived values of serendipity, but not all. Moreover, it also had positive effect on broadening the user preference.