The Point of Discrimination Law

2018 ◽  
pp. 348-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarunabh Khaitan
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Negative Freedom ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
Relative Disadvantage

In this chapter, I will argue that the primary purpose of discrimination law is to secure to us an aspect of freedom that is essential in order to live a flourishing life. In order to enjoy this freedom, we all need a secured access to a sufficient amount of four basic goods: (a) a set of goods that satisfy our biological needs, (b) negative freedom, (c) an adequate range of valuable opportunities, and (d) an appropriate level of self-respect. Membership of certain types of groups—groups (say women) that suffer substantial, pervasive, and abiding relative disadvantage compared with their cognate groups (in this case, men)—imperils our secured access to the last three of these goods. Discrimination law, in seeking to protect members of such groups by trying to break the nexus between group membership and relative disadvantage, aims to improve our access to the basic goods, and thereby make us more free.

Group Memberships and Political Attitudes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Michael J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Memberships

In this chapter, I discuss how regional and ethnic inequality shape attitudes toward redistribution. I argue that previous analyses have not adequately explained how people think about their own interests because they have focused too much on either the national level or the individual level. Instead, I suggest that we should turn our attention to the politics of group membership. People can and do use the effect of a policy on other members of their ethnic or regional categories as heuristics for how policy is likely to affect them. I discuss a variety of ways that scholars might use to study these relationships, and argue that a mix of them is necessary for understanding these processes.

scholarly journals Children’s intergroup prosocial behavior: The role of group stereotypes

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jellie Sierksma
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Sharing Behavior ◽  
Shed Light

Children are prosocial from a young age onward but their prosocial actions are not necessarily egalitarian – especially with regard to others’ group membership. From around four years of age children tend to help and share more with in-group members compared to out-group members. However, a growing body of findings also suggest that sometimes children act more prosocially toward out-group members. How can we reconcile such seemingly contradicting behaviors? In this chapter, I describe how the salience of group stereotypes might shed light on these inconsistent findings. Specifically, different helping contexts can activate different group stereotypes. These different stereotypes could lead children to sometimes act more prosocially toward in-group peers, but sometimes show out-group bias in their helping or sharing behavior. For example, contexts that involve reciprocity could increase salience of a stereotype that out-groups are less trustworthy and thus children might be less inclined to share their resources with the out-group (i.e., in-group bias). Whereas an academic helping context might make a stereotype salient that entails out-groups are less competent and thus needing more help (i.e., out-group bias). Taking into account group stereotypes in children’s prosocial behavior will provide us with a deeper understanding of the underlying motivations that lead to selective prosociality in children. In the long run, such insights can contribute to combating discrimination and prejudice early in life.

Groups, Interests, and Heuristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-46
Author(s):  
Michael J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Linked Fate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Inequality

In this chapter, I lay out a heuristic theory of group membership and attitudes toward redistribution. I argue that the impact of ethnic and regional incomes on attitudes is mediated by a sense of linked fate, and that this relationship is stronger when levels of within-group inequality are lower, when economic uncertainty is higher, and when politicians raise the salience of the relevant cleavage. I also argue that federalism can, depending on the form it takes, increase or decrease the relevance of group incomes for redistributive attitudes.

Does the Name-Race Implicit Association Test Measure Racial Prejudice?

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don van Ravenzwaaij ◽  
Han L. J. van der Maas ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Model Decomposition ◽  
Test Measure

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has shown that names labeled as Caucasian elicit more positive associations than names labeled as non-Caucasian. One interpretation of this result is that the IAT measures latent racial prejudice. An alternative explanation is that the result is due to differences in in-group/out-group membership. In this study, we conducted three different IATs: one with same-race Dutch names versus racially charged Moroccan names; one with same-race Dutch names versus racially neutral Finnish names; and one with Moroccan names versus Finnish names. Results showed equivalent effects for the Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch-Finnish IATs, but no effect for the Finnish-Moroccan IAT. This suggests that the name-race IAT-effect is not due to racial prejudice. A diffusion model decomposition indicated that the IAT-effects were caused by changes in speed of information accumulation, response conservativeness, and non-decision time.

Group Membership, Prejudice, and Trust

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Wagner ◽  
Toril Aalberg
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership
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