Patent Policy in the Shadows of Over-Compliance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Shadlen
Keyword(s):  
Status Quo ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
New Production ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patent ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Dual Objectives ◽  
Second Period

Brazil altered course in the second period of patent politics, as successive governments introduced revisions to the new patent system to address the consequences of over-compliance in the 1990s. This chapter examines the complementary steps taken to revise how the patent regime functions, including reforms to the compulsory licensing provisions and a new system for examining pharmaceutical patent applications, along with innovation–industrial policy measures to help local firms acquire new production capabilities and adjust to the new status quo of pharmaceutical patents. The chapter examines the political economy of both dimensions of Brazil’s “neo-developmental” response. The analysis shows how these two dimensions of policy have created distinct and rival sets of interests regarding the role of pharmaceutical patents in development, and how these conflicting interests create challenges for a government intent on balancing the dual objectives.

Proposed Title of the Project: Should China Implement Compulsory Drug Patent Licenses? - From the Perspective of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlin Lv
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
International Level ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
Patent Licensing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Drug Patent ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patent ◽  
Laws And Regulations

<p>Although China has already issued laws and regulations on compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents, it has not yet implemented specific practices. After the outbreak of “COVID-19”, realistic needs have made it urgent for China to implement compulsory drug patent licensing. Therefore, this study will be based on China’s national conditions, combined with China’s laws and regulations on the compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents, and compare specific practices in other countries. Through qualitative analysis, it’s clear that China implements compulsory pharmaceutical patent licensing in three aspects: domestic system, international level, and government responsibility. To analyze the feasibility of China’s drug patent compulsory licensing system and provide suggestions.</p>

КУЛЬТУРНА ПОЛІТИКА У СФЕРІ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ НЕМАТЕРІАЛЬНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ : СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Admink Admink ◽  
Віта Костюк
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Limited Budget ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Complicated Situation

У рамках імплементації Конвенції про охорону нематеріальної культурної спадщини вивчено заходи культурної політики, що заклали основи для втілення новітніх політичних підходів, механізмів і програм. У контексті виконання міжнародно-правових стандартів UNESCO та положень Конвенції визначено курс на аналіз, збереження й розвиток культурного розмаїття та надбання. Умотивована необхідність формування стратегії культурної політики у галузі збереження нематеріальної культурної спадщини, що полягає у проектуванні й затвердженні культурних проектів національного й регіонального спрямування. Враховано наявну ускладнену ситуацію щодо ролі місцевої влади та обмеженість бюджетного фінансування в країні загалом. Встановлено, що дії, що сприятимуть виявленню елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини, організації та реалізації заходів щодо її збереження в Україні повинні стати цільовими пріоритетами. Cultural policy measures within the framework of the implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage are examined. A course on the analysis, conservation and development of cultural diversity and heritage in the context of the implementation of UNESCO international legal standards and the provisions of the Convention has been determined. The necessity of developing a strategy of cultural policy formation in the field of preservation of the intangible cultural heritage, which consists in the design and approval of cultural projects of national and regional orientation, is substantiated. The complicated situation regarding the role of local authorities and the limited budget financing in the country are taken into account. It is established that the priority should be given to actions that will help identify elements of the intangible cultural heritage, develop and implement measures for its preservation in Ukraine.

Transition Times in Memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella della Porta ◽  
Massimiliano Andretta ◽  
Tiago Fernandes ◽  
Eduardo Romanos ◽  
Markos Vogiatzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Organizational Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Transition Times ◽  
Movement Participation

The second chapter covers the main characteristics of transition time in the four countries: Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. After developing the theoretical model on paths of transition, with a focus on social movement participation, the chapter looks at social movements and protest events as turning points during transition, covering in particular the specific movement actors, their organizational models, and their repertoires of action and frames. The chapter focuses on two dimensions: the role of mobilization in the transition period, which implies the analysis of how elites and masses interact, ally, or fight with each other in the process, and the outcome of transitions as continuity versus rupture of the democratic regime vis-à-vis the old one. It concludes by elaborating some hypotheses on how different modes of transition may produce different types and uses of (transition) memories.

scholarly journals Internet of Vehicles Empowered Mobile Media: Research on Mobile-Generated Content (MoGC) for Intelligent Connected Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3538
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Yu ◽  
Doudou Jin ◽  
Chao Zhai ◽  
Wan Ni ◽  
Desheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Connected Vehicles ◽  
New Production ◽  
Mobile Media ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
News Source ◽  
Media Environments ◽  
Content Generation

With the rapid growth of mobile media, large quantities of mobile content have been generated by moving entities. Some content generation patterns become popular for users and professional organizations, e.g., user-generated content, professionally-generated content, machine-generated content. However, due to the limitations of device types and functions, it is necessary to explore the new production tools and further inspire the content potential in mobile scenarios. According to the production capacity supported by Internet of Vehicles, intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) emerge as new content generated devices in sustainable cities. In this paper, we propose the concept of Mobile-Generated Content (MoGC) as a new part of production patterns. First, we analyze the relationship between MoGC and existing patterns from the perspectives of entity and workflow. Second, the unique functionality and social property of MoGC are revealed, i.e., ICVs play the role of middle platform with data and technology offices. The current dominant discourse created by the professional institutions (e.g., media agency or governing authority) will transfer to the vehicle users. In this way, the content generation system has been further enriched in omni-media environments through efficiently integrating productivity tools and resources. Besides, MoGC not only contributes to social governance by enlarging the news source and coverage, but also strengthen the personal discourse in mobile scenarios.

scholarly journals God, New Natural Law Theory, and Human Rights

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Christopher Tollefsen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Full Theory ◽  
Natural Law Theory ◽  
Epistemological Dimension

Critics of the “New” Natural Law (NNL) theory have raised questions about the role of the divine in that theory. This paper considers that role in regard to its account of human rights: can the NNL account of human rights be sustained without a more or less explicit advertence to “the question of God’s existence or nature or will”? It might seem that Finnis’s “elaborate sketch” includes a full theory of human rights even prior to the introduction of his reflections on the divine in the concluding chapter of Natural Law and Natural Rights. But in this essay, I argue that an adequate account of human rights cannot, in fact, be sustained without some role for God’s creative activity in two dimensions, the ontological and the motivational. These dimensions must be distinguished from the epistemological dimension of human rights, that is, the question of whether epistemological access to truths about human rights is possible without reference to God’s existence, nature, or will. The NNL view is that such access is possible. However, I will argue, the epistemological cannot be entirely cabined off from the relevant ontological and motivational issues and the NNL framework can accommodate this fact without difficulty.

The role of a silicate pump in driving new production

1995 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Dugdale ◽  
Frances P. Wilkerson ◽  
Hans J. Minas
Keyword(s):  
New Production

A historical examination of employee entitlement

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie E. Naumann ◽  
Barbara D. Minsky ◽  
Michael C. Sturman
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Employee Entitlement ◽  
Historical Examination ◽  
People’S Perceptions

There has been much debate about people’s perceptions of entitlement. We trace the history of the different uses of entitlement perceptions across fields in order to develop a typology that identifies two dimensions: level of entitlement and degree of reciprocity. We conclude that a historical, cross‐disciplinary examination of the construct of employee entitlement will improve our understanding of the role of entitlement perceptions in the workplace. Specifically, we suggest that each of the four combinations of the entitlement and reciprocity dimensions points to a different employee‐organization relationship and, thus, requires a different motivational tool.

Corruption as a factor that hampers the socialization of the economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Olga B. Lemeshonok ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
New Production ◽  
The Public ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Innovative Orientation ◽  
Power And Dependence ◽  
Dependence Property

The author investigates comparisons of the corruption prevalence in countries with different economic systems based on the regularly calculated corruption perception index. The essence of corruption interactions in an economy is revealed through relations of power and dependence, property distribution and related economic actors behavior. The article shows a role of the institutional environment in corruption expanding or reducing, its connection with the development of civil society and the processes of economy socialization. The influence of corruption on certain aspects of economy socialization is specified: social differentiation, innovative orientation of production development, macroeconomic stability, development of the institutional environment, efficiency of the public administration system, property allocation efficiency, general humanization of activities and the human capital quality associated with these processes. The author shows how corruption relations affect individual aspects of socialization of the economy, considers the potential and prospects of noonomy and the NIS’s new economy in the processes of reducing corruption and strengthening the foundations of socialization. Micro- and macroaspects of the formation of a new human with his needs structure and new production corresponding to these needs are separately noted.

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