Mapping, Registering, and Ordering

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-317
Author(s):  
Laura Hostetler
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
State Building ◽  
Modern State ◽  
The West ◽  
Mapping Space ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Coordinate Mapping ◽  
And Control

This chapter examines imperial initiatives in mapping space, registering people, and ordering knowledge. The author draws a distinction between the mapping practices of pre-modern or tributary empires and those of early modern and modern imperial formations. In the latter case, authority was increasingly derived from the production and accumulation of knowledge via scientific techniques that relied on abstraction and quantification, whether at home or abroad. The author shows that modern imperial practices based on measurement were not limited to the West, but were also employed in the Ottoman Empire, Qing China, and parts of Mughal India. The chapter’s focus is the emergence of coordinate mapping as a tool of imperial expansion and control from the Renaissance through the mid-twentieth century. Similar techniques of legibility and quantification were applied to registering people and ordering knowledge. James C. Scott’s work on legibility in modern state building is foundational to this chapter.

Part 4 Constitutionalism and Separation of Powers, 4.1 The Separation of Powers in Muslim Countries: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Röder Tilmann J
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Early Modern History ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Late Ottoman Empire ◽  
Late Ottoman

This chapter examines the separation of powers in the late Ottoman Empire—the largest and most powerful Islamic state in early modern history—and its neighbor, the Iranian Empire. Both empires' constitutional legacies presumably influenced the developments in many countries of the Islamic world. It addresses questions such as: Does the separation of powers have roots in the ancient world? And how far did the separation of powers develop in the Islamic empires at the dawn of the twentieth century? The historical observations are followed by a short discussion of the question of which models—historical or contemporary, domestic or foreign—have shaped the constitutional systems of the existing Islamic countries.

Constitutional Revolutions and State Formations in Comparison

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
Nader Sohrabi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
Constitutional Revolution

The history of both modern Turkey and modern Iran have often been told through their founding figures, Atatürk and Reza Shah, whose state-building projects are often assumed to have been similar. This chapter compares the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire of 1908 with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in 1906 to point to both similarities and differences in the trajectories of these two countries in the early twentieth century. Both revolutions, it is argued, were foundational moments for the political development and processes of each country and are key to understanding the context in which Atatürk and Reza Shah emerged.

Importing Modernity: European Military Missions to Qajar Iran

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
State Building ◽  
New Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Indirect Control

In the first decades of the nineteenth century, when the Middle East and North Africa first began to attract the sustained attention of European imperialism and colonialism, Arab, Ottoman Turkish, and Iranian polities began a protracted experiment with army modernization. These decades saw a mania in the Middle East for the import of European methods of military organization and techniques of warfare. Everywhere, in the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, Egypt, and Iran, nizam-i jadid (new order) regiments sprang up, sometimes on the ruins of older military formations, sometimes alongside them, unleashing a process of military-led modernization that was to characterize state-building projects throughout the region until well into the twentieth century. The ruling dynasties in these regions embarked on army reform in a desperate effort to strengthen their defensive capacity, and to resist growing European hegemony and direct or indirect control by imitating European methods of military organization and warfare. Almost every indigenous ruler who succeeded in evading or warding off direct European control, from the sultans of pre-Protectorate Morocco in the west to the shahs of the Qajar dynasty in Iran in the east, invited European officers, sometimes as individuals, sometimes as formal missions, to assist with building a modern army. With the help of these officers, Middle Eastern rulers thus sought to appropriate the secrets of European power.

Religion and the Early Modern State: Views from China, Russia, and the West

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
David Elton Gay ◽  
James D. Tracy ◽  
Marguerite Ragnow
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern State ◽  
The West

From a Legal Proof to a Historical Fact: Trajectories of an Ottoman Document in a Franciscan Monastery, Sixteenth to Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 925-962
Author(s):  
Ana Sekulić
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
Legal Proof ◽  
And Control

AbstractWhile scholarship on the Ottoman Empire has explored its rich archives with great enthusiasm, there has been little work on the circulation of documents among the Empire’s subjects. This paper explores the archive of a Franciscan monastery in Ottoman Bosnia by following a single document in Ottoman Turkish from its issuance in the mid-sixteenth century to its interpretation within a historical monograph in the early twentieth. I address the ways in which the document circulated beyond the imperial offices and how the Franciscans transformed it through strategies including storing, marking, interpreting, cataloging, and silencing. The paper sheds light on the convergence between the deployment of the Ottoman documents and the rise of the Franciscan authority, indicating how Franciscan usage of the archive produced useful narratives beyond the confines and control of the Empire.

Adaptation of Western Modern Concepts in Modern Korean Architecture in the Early Twentieth Century: Through the Perspective of Science, Efficiency, and Hygiene

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-153
Author(s):  
Myengsoo Seo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Company Housing ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
Korean Architecture

This research explores the characteristics of Korean early modern architecture in the early twentieth century. Modern Korean architecture experienced conflicts and continuities between tradition and modernity from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. To evaluate these various influences, this article considers Korean early modern architecture through the perspective of such modern concepts as “science,” “efficiency,” and “hygiene.” These modern concepts emerged first in the West before the nineteenth century, and they played significant roles in constructing a modern society in the West and the East. By investigating how these modern concepts were adopted in Korea in the early twentieth century, this research scrutinizes not only individual architects such as Park Gilryong and Park Dongjin but also newly constructed buildings such as kwansa (official residences of Japanese ministries) and sat’aek (company housing), especially during the Japanese colonial period. Furthermore, this research goes beyond Korean architecture to encompass regional and cultural differences. This research enables early modern Korean architecture to find its identity through the approach of social and cultural contexts, and by comparison with Western architectural culture.

China’s Transformations in the Twentieth Century: Economic, Political, and Cultural Interdependencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Carsten Herrmann-Pillath
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
State Building ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Bureaucratic Institutions ◽  
Economic Modernization

This chapter approaches China’s sequence of transformations in the ‘short’ twentieth century between the collapse of empire 1911 and World Trade Organization entry in 2001 against the background of discussing the nature of the Imperial from which this arduous and violent process started out. During that period, immense political efforts were directed at tackling the perceived legacy of social and cultural impediments to economic modernization and building national strength, though with radically different means, such as switching from Maoism to reform policies in 1978. The chapter analyses core features of change such as the role of the rural sector, the weak penetration of society by formal bureaucratic institutions of the state, and the interaction between institutional change and transformation of social structure. After detailing major aspects of recent economic reforms, the key conclusion is that throughout the twentieth century until present times, economic transformation remains inextricably intertwined with the secular process of modern state building.

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