The Bank of Japan: Central Bank Independence and the Politicization of Monetary Policy
In April 1998, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) gained legal independence. While the primary theoretical justification was to enhance the central bank’s inflation-fighting credibility, the newly independent BOJ immediately confronted a different and unexpected problem: a long and persistent deflation. As the government battled economic stagnation, debates over the extent to which the BOJ should prioritize overcoming deflation and the policies that should be employed to this end led to a profound politicization of monetary policy. This culminated in the Prime Minister Abe’s landslide electoral victory at the end of 2012 in which he campaigned on overcoming deflation, and then, once in power, effectively took over control of a previously intransigent BOJ Policy Board to reflate the economy. The democratic electoral process paved the way for a reassertion of control over the still legally independent central bank. From a wider perspective, these developments reflect broader changes in Japanese democracy: the greater influence of electoral incentives on policy and the centralization of executive power.