Phrase

2019 ◽  
pp. 294-345
Author(s):  
Janet Schmalfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Cultural Contexts

Like so many foundational music-theoretical terms, “phrase” has been adopted in divergent ways, sometimes unreflectively. Notions of phrase are necessarily contingent upon styles, genres, historical and cultural contexts, social functions, and ties to syntax, cadence, and form. Although no global definition is feasible, commonalities among appropriations of the term emerge. This chapter explores the ineluctable association of phrase with text and punctuation, from Western medieval chant to Stravinsky; but conflicting theories of phrase functions and cadences raise questions for non-texted music. Influential eighteenth-century definitions of phrase and phrase expansion suggest the strong, regularizing influence of galant dance. The young Beethoven flaunts the ever-increasing potency of phrase repetition and expansion; Schumann shows how to undercut the emerging problem of “foursquareness”; excerpts from Messiaen, Ligeti, and Ghanaian Agbadza music demonstrate that phrase is not reliant upon tonaltity. Just the same, composers, listeners, analysts, and especially performers depend upon the perception of “phrases” implicated in so much music of different styles, eras, and cultures.

Origins of the Eighteenth-Century Evangelical Revival: England and New England Compared

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Great Awakening ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
First Great Awakening ◽  
Revival Movements ◽  
British Colonies

Current interpretations of North America's first Great Awakening present a paradox. Historians commonly interpret the Great Awakening as part of the revival of evangelical piety that affected widely scattered elements of the Protestant world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; however, studies of the Great Awakening have almost exclusively focused on the particular local circumstances in which the revival movements developed. Since historians of the Great Awakening have emphasized the peculiar circumstances of each of the regional manifestations, the Revival often appears in their writings to have been composed of several distinct movements separated in time, character, and cause and united only by superficial similarities. In contrast, to say that the local revival movements, despite their distinctive characteristics, were manifestations of a single larger movement is to imply that they shared the same general causes. If we suppose that the Great Awakening was part of the Evangelical Revival, our attempts to explain its origins should take into account those general causes.Two recent reconsiderations of the eighteenth-century revival movements in their broader context come to opposite conclusions. Jon Butler underscores the span of time over which the revivals occurred across the British colonies, their heterogeneous character from one region to the next, and the differences in cultural contexts in which they appeared. He concludes that “the prerevolutionary revivals should be understood primarily as regional events.” Although he sees the eighteenth-century American revivals as part of the long-term evangelical and pietistic reform movement in Western society, he denies any common, single, overwhelmingly important cause.

The Neuroscientific Study of Music: A Burgeoning Discipline

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Hodges ◽  
Michael H. Thaut
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Franz Joseph Gall ◽  
The Brain

Numerous pioneers laid the groundwork for current neuromusical research. Beginning with Franz Joseph Gall in the eighteenth century, and continuing with John Hughlings Jackson, August Knoblauch, Richard Wallaschek, and others, these early forerunners were interested in localizing musicality in the brain and learning more about how music is processed in both healthy individuals and those with dysfunctions of various kinds. Since then, research literature has mushroomed, especially in the latter part of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The current volume features the work of fifty-four authors who have contributed over 350,000 words in thirty-three chapters. These chapters are organized into sections on music, the brain, and cultural contexts; music processing in the human brain; neural responses to music; musicianship and brain function; developmental issues in music and the brain; music, the brain, and health; and the future.

Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Bridget Fowler ◽  
J. Paul Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Contexts

Betrayed by Earth and Sky: Poetry of Disaster and Restoration in Eighteenth-Century Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-202
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
The Future ◽  
The City

AbstractIn the winter of 1778, an earthquake shattered the city of Kashan. Three poets, Āẕar, Hātef, and Sabāhi, responded to the disaster in verse. Although all three are commonly associated with the Bāzgasht-e adabi (Literary Return) school that championed the style of an earlier era, their poems display an affinity with more contemporary Safavid poetry, particularly that of Mohtasham Kāshāni. In their responses to the earthquake, the poets acted as agents of social order, helping their audience to cope with their loss by putting the calamity into more familiar religious and cultural contexts (such as comparisons to the death of Emām Hoseyn at Karbalāʾ) and enabling them to move forward into the future.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Emily Sun
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Republican China ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Disciplinary History ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

The Introduction situates the book’s approach to comparative literature in relation to recent debates in the field over the status of “world literature.” It historicizes the notion of world literature in terms of the global disciplinary history of literary studies, contextualizing redefinitions of literature and efforts to write literary modernity in terms of connected yet heterogeneous epistemic shifts in eighteenth-century Europe and early twentieth-century China. It introduces the design of the book and offers chapter summaries. And it explains how efforts to write literary modernity in the asynchronous periods of Romantic England and Republican China constitute experiments also with new socio-political forms of life in different cultural contexts.

Scottish Gothic

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Cultural Contexts

Written from various critical standpoints by internationally renowned scholars, Scottish Gothic: An Edinburgh Companion interrogates the ways in which the concepts of the Gothic and Scotland have intersected and been manipulated from the mid-eighteenth century to the present day. This interdisciplinary collection is the first ever published study to investigate the multifarious strands of Gothic in Scottish fiction, poetry, theatre and film. Its contributors – all specialists in their fields – combine an attention to socio-historical and cultural contexts with a rigorous close reading of works, both classic and lesser known, produced between the eighteenth and twenty-first centuries.

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