Eastern Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Marro
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Early Transcaucasian Culture

This article presents data on the Early Bronze Age of eastern Anatolia. During the period that for most scholars is recognized as the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3100–2100 BCE), eastern Anatolia was occupied by an intriguing cultural complex related to the Kura–Araxes culture, as it has been described by Kuftin after his excavations in Transcaucasia. This complex has alternatively been called “Karaz,” “Red Black Burnished,” or “Early Transcaucasian,” depending on the viewpoint adopted by successive scholars. Of all the labels used for describing the Early Bronze Age faciès of eastern Anatolia, the term Early Transcaucasian Culture seems to be the most appropriate, as it implies an organic relationship between East Anatolian cultural assemblages and Transcaucasia. Indeed, even if this issue is still a matter of debate, today most of the evidence points to a Transcaucasian origin for the east Anatolian Early Bronze Age.

Distribution of artifacts and ecofacts in an Early Bronze Age house in Eastern Anatolia: Space use and household economy at Arslantepe VI B2 (2900–2750 BCE)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Paola Piccione ◽  
Corrado Alvaro ◽  
Laszlo Bartosiewicz ◽  
Cristina Lemorini ◽  
Alessia Masi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Space Use ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Household Economy

Eastern Anatolia in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age

1958 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 157-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Varied History

The pottery described in this article was collected during a survey of ancient sites in eastern Turkey carried out in the summer of 1956. More than 150 Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age sites were recorded: only the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age pottery is discussed here, the later periods being reserved for a future article. A considerable quantity of potsherds was collected, so that only a selection of the more significant examples has been illustrated. The zone covered by this survey is best described as eastern Anatolia within the mountains, excluding both the Pontic region and the south-eastern provinces of Turkey, bordering on Syria and Iraq: it is the narrowest part of the great natural bridge between Asia and Europe that has given Anatolia its long and varied history. The survey covered the greater part of the provinces of Sivas, Malatya, Elazığ, Muş, Bitlis and Van. Sites near Adıyaman, also visited, are not dealt with here. The plain of Iğdır, north of Mount Ararat, was partially explored in 1957, and yielded important material, but the plain of Karaköse proved to have few sites, and those with little surface pottery. The sherds here described are supplemented by intact vessels from Ernis, on the north-eastern shore of Lake Van, now in Van Museum.

scholarly journals The never-ending Quest for the Elites:New Approaches to the Study of Cemeteries and Social Organization

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pınar Durgun
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Great Transition ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Urban Sites

The Early Bronze Age (EBA) in Anatolia (3100/3000-2000 BCE.)[1] is considered a period of great transition when urban societies developed and when extramural cemeteries started to emerge. Western Anatolian sites like Troy and Külloba have yielded monumental walls, or architecturally distinct quarters. However none of these sites have yielded extramural cemeteries. Extramural cemeteries of the EBA are only associated with small-scale sites such as Karataş (southwest Anatolia) and Demircihöyük (northwest Anatolia) which have been referred to as “chiefdoms”. Labeling these non-urban sites as chiefdoms inevitably led to the quest of finding the chief in these cemeteries. As a result, certain burial types, and burials with grave goods of higher quantity and better quality have been used as evidence for wealth and status, hence the presence of ruling elites. In this paper I suggest different ways of making use of the archaeological data from cemeteries to understand the social organization without falling into the same social evolutionary pitfalls.[1] In this presentation when I refer to Anatolia, I will be referring to the central and western parts of the peninsula, not to eastern Anatolia which in the Early Bronze Age is culturally and economically closer to Northern Mesopotamia.

Arrows of Power from Brittany to Denmark (2500–1700 BC)

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 247-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
North West ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Sacred Objects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bell Beaker

This article presents a comparative study of the arrowheads found in graves dating to between 2500 BC and 1700bcin north-west France, southern Britain and Denmark. The aim is to characterise their modes of production and functions during a period which successively sees the introduction of copper then bronze metallurgy, the former accompanying the appearance of Bell Beaker pottery and associated practices in these areas. Several modes of production are proposed, from individual manufacture by Bell Beaker-using warriors to specialist production for elite use during the Early Bronze Age. Over and above their function as weapons – arguably associated more with interpersonal combat than with hunting – arrowheads served to portray and emphasise the social status of the individuals. In the case of the Early Bronze Age Armorican arrowheads, they should be regarded as ‘sacred’ objects, made for display and enhancing the power of the chiefs. Lastly, arrows are placed in the broader perspective of major trends affecting Europe during the Bell Beaker period and then the Early Bronze Age, while the distribution of arrowheads with slanted barbs suggests the operation of an Atlantic cultural complex.

The procurement of obsidian at Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia) during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age: Connections with Anatolia and Caucasus

2018 ◽  
Vol 467 ◽  
pp. 342-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mouralis ◽  
M. Massussi ◽  
G. Palumbi ◽  
E. Akköprü ◽  
F. Balossi Restelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Anatolia

scholarly journals Spatially explicit paleogenomic simulations support cohabitation with limited admixture between Bronze Age Central European populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Rio ◽  
Claudio S. Quilodrán ◽  
Mathias Currat
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Limited Gene Flow

AbstractThe Bronze Age is a complex period of social, cultural and economic changes. Recent paleogenomic studies have documented a large and rapid genetic change in early Bronze Age populations from Central Europe. However, the detailed demographic and genetic processes involved in this change are still debated. Here we have used spatially explicit simulations of genomic components to better characterize the demographic and migratory conditions that may have led to this change. We investigated various scenarios representing the expansion of pastoralists from the Pontic steppe, potentially linked to the Yamnaya cultural complex, and their interactions with local populations in Central Europe, considering various eco-evolutionary factors, such as population admixture, competition and long-distance dispersal. Our results do not support direct competition but rather the cohabitation of pastoralists and farmers in Central Europe, with limited gene flow between populations. They also suggest occasional long-distance migrations accompanying the expansion of pastoralists and a demographic decline in both populations following their initial contact. These results link recent archaeological and paleogenomic observations and move further the debate of genomic changes during the early Bronze Age.

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