The English-Speaking Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 862-880
Author(s):  
Francis G. Castles ◽  
Christopher Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Health Care Reforms ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
State Experience ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter considers the extent to which it is possible to speak of a commonality in the welfare state experience of English-speaking welfare states (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States). At one level, the expectation that these tend to be comparatively small, low-spending, market-focused (‘liberal’) welfare states proves to be true. But, upon closer inspection, that commonality tends to break down. Some have been more redistributive than others and the Antipodean cases (Australia and New Zealand) with distinctive labour market institutions suggest the possibility of a different way of managing distributional outcomes. The widely canvassed US ‘exceptionalism’ proves to be true to some extent, though less so after Obama’s health-care reforms. In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis of 2008, both commonalities and differences remained.

scholarly journals Greater female first author citation advantages do not associate with reduced or reducing gender disparities in academia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1283-1297
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall ◽  
Pardeep Sud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Small Fields ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Author Citation ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Weak Tendency

Ongoing problems attracting women into many Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects have many potential explanations. This article investigates whether the possible undercitation of women associates with lower proportions of, or increases in, women in a subject. It uses six million articles published in 1996–2012 across up to 331 fields in six mainly English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The proportion of female first- and last-authored articles in each year was calculated and 4,968 regressions were run to detect first-author gender advantages in field normalized article citations. The proportion of female first authors in each field correlated highly between countries and the female first-author citation advantages derived from the regressions correlated moderately to strongly between countries, so both are relatively field specific. There was a weak tendency in the United States and New Zealand for female citation advantages to be stronger in fields with fewer women, after excluding small fields, but there was no other association evidence. There was no evidence of female citation advantages or disadvantages to be a cause or effect of changes in the proportions of women in a field for any country. Inappropriate uses of career-level citations are a likelier source of gender inequities.

Intellectual Roots of the Welfare State

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Christopher Pierson ◽  
Matthieu Leimgruber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Transfer ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
International Learning ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter considers the intellectual roots of the welfare state in changing views about states and their competences from the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth centuries. This happens in particular national contexts, with differing patterns of both democratization and bureaucratization. From the beginning, we can observe patterns of international learning and policy transfer. This process is traced through a number of national cases: Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the English-speaking nations, Sweden and the United States. Although the welfare state has come to be identified with social citizenship and ‘social justice’, its ideational and normative roots are much more diverse and contested than this. And although the welfare state came to be identified with social democrats, especially after 1945, its origins more usually lie with liberal, or even conservative, forces and ideas.

scholarly journals Improving Tertiary Student Outcomes in An Evidence-based Accountability Policy Framework

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Zepke ◽  
Linda Leach
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Tertiary Student ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Accountability Policy ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World

Tertiary student retention, progression and achievement have become major policy issues in New Zealand, and the English-speaking world generally. Both the human and financial costs of non-completion have led to policy settings dedicated to improving student outcomes. After briefly sketching policy developments in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, the article examines the New Zealand government’s emerging policy framework for improving student outcomes. It suggests that concern for student learning and success is justified, but questions some of the underlying assumptions behind the policies. These, the article argues, focus on system-wide accountability using crude statistical indicators that can lead to sanctions. The paper uses retention research from overseas and New Zealand to test both assumption and criticism. The article suggests that evidence does not support a generic and punitive approach to improve student outcomes. It suggests a reframing of both accountability and research evidence to produce an alternative approach to student outcomes policy.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

Denial of Health Care and Informed Consent in English and American Law

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-71
Author(s):  
Frances H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Care Rationing ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
American Law ◽  
Care Rationing ◽  
Increased Pressure

Health care rationing has gained greater visibility in the United States and the United Kingdom, for quite different reasons. As patients in both countries become more aware that potentially beneficial medical services can be denied them on economic — as opposed to purely medical — grounds, they are beginning to seek help from the judiciary. This Article contends that as rationing becomes more explicit, the doctrine of informed consent will come under increased pressure. The Article suggests that courts and legislatures consider imposing a legal obligation on physicians to inform their patients when potentially effective treatment is to be withheld for economic or other non-clinical reasons.

Book Reviews: Women and Politics in New Zealand, Voters' Vengeance: The 1990 Election in New Zealand and the Fate of the Fourth Labour Government, The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy, The Politics of the Training Market: From Manpower Services Commission to Training and Enterprise Councils, Public Policy and the Nature of the New Right, Managing the United Kingdom: An Introduction to its Political Economy and Public Policy, Citizenship and Employment: Investigating Post-Industrial Options, Government by the Market? The Politics of Public Choice, Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate, Regulatory Politics in Transition, The Politics of Regulation: A Comparative Perspective, Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot, The Tragedy of Cambodian History: Politics, War and Revolution since 1945, Welfare States and Working Mothers, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States, Japan and the United States: Global Dimensions of Economic Power, Political Dynamics in Contemporary Japan, Japan's Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Coping with Change, Soviet Studies Guide, Directory of Russian MPs, Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power, Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics, Six Years that Shook the World: Perestroika — The Impossible Project, The Politics of Transition: Shaping a Post-Soviet Future, Democracy and Decision: The Pure Theory of Electoral Preference, Probabilistic Voting Theory, Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing, Queer in America: Sex, the Media, and the Closets of Power

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-730
Author(s):  
Preston King ◽  
Marco Cesa ◽  
Martin Rhodes ◽  
Stephen Wilks ◽  
Christopher Tremewan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Political Biography ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Regulatory Politics

Security Council

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-517
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Peace ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Foreign Ministers

The question of the threat to Thailand was discussed by the Security Council at its 673d and 674th meetings. After again explaining the reasons for his government's belief that the condition of tension in the general region in which Thailand was located would, if continued, endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, the Thai representative, Pote Sarasin, again requested that the Peace Observation Commission establish a sub-commission of from three to five members to dispatch observers to Thailand and to visit Thailand itself if it were deemed necessary. The Thai draft differed from earlier Thai proposals, however, in that the original mandate of the sub-commission applie only to the territory of Thailand; if the sub-commission felt that it could not adequately accomplish its mission without observation or visit in states contiguous to Thailand, the Peace Observation Commission or the Security Council could issue the necessary instructions. Representatives of New Zealand, Turkey, Brazil, China, the United Kingdom, the United States, Denmark, Colombia and France spoke in support of the Thai draft. They denied, as had been alleged by the Soviet representative (Tsarapkin) at an earlier meeting, that Council consideration or action on this question would be detrimental to the success of the negotiations between the Foreign Ministers of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Chinese People's Republic, Soviet Union and other states in Geneva. While agreeing that it would be impropitious for the Council to consider directly the situation in Indochina as long as it was being discussed in Geneva, they argued that the question raised by Thailand was quite separate and that the Council had a duty to comply with the Thai request.

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