Tone–Melody Matching in tone-Language Singing

2020 ◽  
pp. 675-688
Author(s):  
D. Robert Ladd ◽  
James Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Musical Pitch ◽  
Pitch Direction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Musical Genres ◽  
Pitch Movement

Singing in tone languages has been the subject of a good deal of research, which shows that text-setting constraints are the heart of the solution to respecting both the linguistic and the musical functions of pitch. The most important principle in maintaining intelligibility of song texts seems to be the avoidance of contrary settings: musical pitch movement up or down from one syllable to the next should not be the opposite of the linguistically specified pitch direction. This chapter reviews the variations on this theme that have been described in the recent literature, including differences between languages and musical genres. It briefly considers how tonal text-setting might be incorporated into a general theory that includes traditional European metrics.

Materials for Electron Beam Information Storage

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 152-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Speliotis
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The interaction of electron beams with a large variety of materials for information storage has been the subject of numerous proposals and studies in the recent literature. The materials range from photographic to thermoplastic and magnetic, and the interactions with the electron beam for writing and reading the information utilize the energy, or the current, or even the magnetic field associated with the electron beam.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Randolph K. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
The Subject

To Dr. Zisman: Dr. R. K. Byers, after noting that your questions "are ones to which there are probably no generally accepted answers" answered them as follows: Answer to Question 1: This depends on the habits of the operating physician. Personally, I use a good deal of local anesthetic, probably in 90% of the cases in which puncture is done for I think it is easier to do a lumbar puncture if the subject is unaware of the time that the needle is being stuck in his back.

The Development of Diarthrodial Joints in Birds and Mammals

1890 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 258-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hepburn
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Diarthrodial Joints ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Full Period

After giving a summary of recent literature on the subject, the author then proceeded to state the nature of the material which he had employed in the present investigation.The bird selected was the common fowl (Gallus domest.), and he had examined a series of microscopic sections through the limbs from the fourth day of incubation to the day of hatching.The mammalian embryos examined were mice and rabbits, and the fingers of the human fœtus from an embryo approaching the full period of uterogestation.

Strategic Miscalculation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stewart
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Compelling Argument ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Potential Challenge ◽  
And Training

This chapter discusses how there was a good deal of confusion about what strategy to follow in defending East Africa. The thinking of the few politicians interested in the subject, and within the regional governments, was flawed, with the dangers misunderstood or overlooked. Successive British governments showed no real sense of recognizing that this could be an important wartime hub for raw materials and training. These significant failings were compounded by the failure of senior military officers to make a compelling argument about Italian intentions and the potential challenge these presented. While the Chiefs of Staff in London were right to assume that Mussolini would focus on Egypt, due to the vital importance attached to controlling the Suez Canal, they were wrong to conclude that he would enter the war at the first opportunity.

Comments on the Evangelization of the New World

1958 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-410
Author(s):  
L. Nicolau D’olwer
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The Subject

Dr. Silvio Zavala is to be congratulated on his draft chapter dealing with the history and influence of religion in the New World. The topic covers the planting of Christianity on American soil and, under its influence, the birth of a new society that was to be Christian in its institutions, in its culture, and, for several centuries, in all outward manifestations of its thought. In summarizing so broad a subject in few pages, Dr. Zavala leads us to ponder many extremely important points. The pages that follow are the product of a good deal of thinking, with regard both to the provisional text and to the subject in general. What a pity that meditation does not always succeed in fully clarifying our ideas and in completely dispelling our doubts!

Crosslanguage Differences in Tone Perception: a Multidimensional Scaling Investigation

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson T. Gandour ◽  
Richard A. Harshman
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
American English ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling Analysis ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Pitch Direction

Using an individual differences multidimensional scaling model of perception, this crosslanguage investigation seeks to determine what dimensions underlie the perception of linguistic tone, and to what extent an individual's language background (Thai, Yoruba or American English) influences his perception. Dissimilarities data were obtained from subjects' paired-comparison judgments of 13 different pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data for the total group revealed that five dimensions - interpretively labeled, AVERAGE PITCH, DIRECTION, LENGTH, EXTREME ENDPOINT and SLOPE - best summarize the perceptual structure underlying the dissimilarities data. Language subgroup variation in relative importance of these dimensions appears to be primarily related to subgroup differences in the way pitch is used to convey linguistic information. Discriminant analysis showed that most individual speakers of a tone language (Thai or Yoruba) can be easily distinguished from speakers of a nontone language (English) on the basis of their distinctive patterns of perceptual saliency for these five dimensions. Regression analysis indicated that the DIRECTION and SLOPE dimensions closely correspond to certain earlier proposed binary distinctive features of tone.

L'origine del linguaggio puň attendere

PARADIGMI ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Francesco Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Language Origin ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Naturalistic Approach ◽  
The Subject

- Starting from a discussion of Sylvain Auroux's new book (L'origine des langues... 2007), the paper develops a critique of the anti-naturalistic approach to the study of language. The rejection of the quest for language origin as a theory unsusceptible to scientific empirical treatment is an aspect of the idealistic consequences of anti-naturalist positions. A survey is presented of recent literature on the subject. In our opinion, evolutionary theories, revisited from a cognitive perspective, have radically changed the terms of the debate and made naturalism a viable alternative. Keywords: Evolutionism, FOXP2, Innateness, Linguistic variation, Nature-nurture debate, Origin of language.

Who Were the Poor? The Recipients of Relief

2018 ◽  
pp. 167-186
Author(s):  
John McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Fixed Model ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relief System ◽  
Source Of Information

This chapter analyses the poor themselves. Although recent literature has made valuable attempts to study the poor in their own right rather than simply through the prism of relief (and therefore elites), welfare records remain the richest source of information on the poor, especially in an area such as Scotland where very little previous work has been undertaken. Therefore the chapter opens up the subject of who received relief and why, shedding light not just on the internal dynamics of this most neglected group within Scottish society, but also on the agenda and priorities of the relief system itself. The chapter draws attention to variations in the demographics of relief recipients, and argues that there was no fixed model or ‘type’ of recipient, and that kirk sessions were responding to local patterns of need. The chapter also emphasises the complexity and range of (overlapping) reasons why early modern Scots might find themselves in need of welfare.

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