TINGGALAN PERTAHANAN JEPANG DI KOTA KENDARI: MASA PERANG PASIFIK-DAI TOA SENSO SENKUM

Perang Dunia II di Asia dikenal dengan istilah Perang Pasifik, namun dipihak Jepang (Nippon) memakai istilah Perang Asia Timur Raya (Dai Toa Senso Senkum) dengan maksud propaganda Asia Untuk Orang Asia. Penyerangan Jepang atas Ford Island, Pearl Harbour, Hawaii menjadi penanda dimulainya perhelatan Perang Pasifik. Netherlands East Indies (Hindia Belanda) atau yang saat ini dikenal dengan nama Indonesia tidak terlepas dari imperialisme Jepang (Nippon) di masa Perang Pasifik. Kendari adalah salah satu wilayah di Indonesia yang terkena imbas imperialisme Jepang. Dalam mempertahankan wilayah kekuasaannya setelah pendudukan, Jepang membangun berbagai fasilitas pertahanan. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang tinggalan masa Perang Pasifik dari pihak Jepang yang masih dapat disaksikan saat ini, yaitu pillbox. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran dan fungsi bangunan pillbox di Kota Kendari. Dalam mencapai tujuan penelitian, digunakan metode survei yang didukung dengan data pustaka, dan informasi masyarakat. Hasil analisis arkeologis dan spasial yang dipadukan dengan analisis medan model COCOA menunjukan 21 bangunan pillbox yang tersebar di enam kecamatan di Kota Kendari membentuk pola mengelompok dan acak. Bangunan tersebut dibangun Jepang (Nippon) berfungsi sebagai fasilitas pertahanan, perlindungan, pemantauan, menghalau pergerakan militer sekutu, serta penguasaan area strategis di Kendari.

Exile, Mobility, and Re-territorialisation in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia

For centuries, trading companies and colonial officials have sought to manipulate indigenous Asian kingdoms by banishing recalcitrant elites, thereby discouraging resistance and ensuring compliance. Less examined by scholars is how colonial officials adapted this tool in their efforts to manage mobility and achieve territorialisation at the turn of the twentieth century. Applying Josiah Heyman and Howard Campbell's framework of “re-territorialisation” to make sense of how states harness mobile flows for the purpose of redrawing boundaries and producing new political spaces, this article will examine Dutch strategies for incorporating the sultanate of Aceh into the Netherlands East Indies. Site of an infamous multi-decade war of insurgency and pacification between 1873 and the early 1900s, this Sumatran kingdom had long resisted imperial subjugation. Dutch authorities eventually moved to complete its elusive ambition of conquest by leveraging distance and forcibly sending Acehnese elites to “training schools” in Java. By fusing exile with pedagogy, colonial officials hoped to transform Acehnese elites into loyal servants of the colonial centre. Rancorous debates about the deposed Acehnese sultan, however, illustrated the limitations of such re-territorialisation schemes and the resiliency of alternative Asian geographies.

From Cultuurstelsel to Komedie Stamboel

This chapter begins by detailing the rise of multiple new initiatives in the realm of political action during the early twentieth century in the Netherlands East Indies. It explores how the deepening incorporation of the Indonesian archipelago within the world economy over the course of the nineteenth century entailed advanced forms of exploitation in commercial agriculture, commodity processing, natural resource exploitation, and the elaboration of a modern transportation network. The chapter then discusses the internationalization of the Indonesian archipelago's economy in the increasing prominence and problematic position of diverse diasporic immigrant communities, most notably the so-called Chinese. It further analyses how the commercialization of agriculture and extension of market relations in the hinterlands of Java and other islands of the Indies during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries unfolded through the intermediation of local compradors — immigrant Hokkien-speaking merchants, moneylenders, and rice millers — who were discouraged from assimilation into native society and designated as “foreign orientals.” Ultimately, the chapter highlights the broadening of transregional and transoceanic networks of diasporic and religious circulation, the deepening incorporation of the Indonesian archipelago within the world economy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and its impact on the intensifying immersion of the Netherlands East Indies within diverse currents of cosmopolitanism.

From Baku to Bandung

This chapter looks at how boomtown Baku had emerged as an important hub of modern intellectual activity in the Muslim world by the turn of the twentieth century. It shows how the revolution and its early aftermath in Baku demonstrated the possibilities for both communal and international conflict dividing Muslims and non-Muslims along the fault lines of communism and Islam. The chapter also analyses the connection of Baku of 1920 to the Indonesian Revolution. It provides a coherent narrative account along narrowly nationalist lines, with Communists and Islamists largely disavowed, discredited, and depicted as spoilers and saboteurs. On the one hand, the revolution is said to have been led “from above” by urban — and highly urbane — educated young men familiar from Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, a set of Indonesian nationalists who emerged out of Dutch colonial schools in the Netherlands East Indies during the first few decades of the twentieth century. On the other hand, the Indonesian Revolution is also said to have been driven “from below” by a broader pool of the pemuda (youth) representing the broader mass of the Indonesian people, the Rakyat. Ultimately, the chapter details how Baku foretold the possibilities of organized politics and mass mobilization in the Indonesia of the early–mid twentieth century.

The Dutch Seaborne Empire

In the course of the seventeenth century Dutch merchants created a seaborne empire that provided them with the primacy in world trade. This chapter focuses on the defining traits of the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC, or Dutch East India Company, 1602–1799) and the West Indische Compagnie (WIC, or Dutch West India Company, 1621–1674, 1674–1791), both limited liability joint stock companies with monopoly rights on the navigation to, respectively, Asia and the American continent. Both companies were founded as “companies of the ledger and the sword” in the middle of the Dutch Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) with the Spanish crown, and collapsed in the final years of the ancien régime. The VOC developed with leaps and bounds into an island empire in Southeast Asia that after the demise of the VOC survived into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, first as the Netherlands East Indies and today as the Republic of Indonesia. The WIC never succeeded to wrestle itself loose from close state intervention and, facing the challenges of independent merchants, had to give up its monopolies and simply survived as an umbrella organization for the plantations in Suriname and a couple of islands in the Caribbean. Compared to their neighbors in Europe, the relatively affluent Dutch never felt a strong urge to emigrate and as a result none of their overseas possessions, with exception of the Cape Colony, developed into a settler colony.

Śrīvijaya

The name Śrīvijaya, found in inscriptions in Sumatra and references in Chinese, Indian, and Arabic sources, was first recognized as that of a kingdom in 1918. From a capital in south Sumatra, Śrīvijaya exercised influence over a string of ports from south Thailand to west Borneo and possibly Java from the late seventh to eleventh century. In 1025 the capital Palembang was overthrown by an invasion from the Chola kingdom of southern India, but Palembang remained an influential port-polity until it was incorporated into the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century. This empire flourished due to its position on the maritime trade route between East, Southeast, South, and West Asia as well as East Africa. As an empire based on control of trade routes rather than land, it occupies an unusual position in the study of empires.

Towards the Great Divide

In the two decades from the coming of Marshal Daendels (1808-1811) to the Java War (1825-1830) Javanese society was turned on its head. New concepts of honour, status and racial superiority were introduced from a Europe transformed by the industrial and political revolutions. Military uniforms were now used to demarcate rank and status, service to the colonial state transcending nobility of birth. Through despoliation and military violence the indigenous courts of south-central Java were eviscerated while racial tensions led to an anti-Chinese pogrom which started the Java War. Two contemporary wartime diaries, both written by Belgians, illustrate the racialized world of the Netherlands East Indies and the ways in which colonial wars were conducted using native auxiliaries.

Imperial Conquest, Violent Encounters, and Changing Gender Relations in Colonial Warfare, 1830s–1910s

The period between the 1830s and the 1910s is significant for the rapid expansion of the British and French Empires in particular and fierce interimperial rivalries, as well as the late rise of non-European empires. The warfare that characterized imperial expansion and indigenous resistance, as sparked by imperial invasions and gradual conquests of colonial territories, including the suppression of uprisings, was often diffuse and chaotic. This chapter considers how the contact zones of aggressively expanding colonialism were structured by violence, in places ranging from the British settler colonies of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to Crown colonies of various European empires, including British India, the Netherlands East Indies, and French Indochina. It assesses the intersections of gender and militarized violence on frontiers and in the daily life of colonial societies.