Chattel Slaveries in Classical Greece

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Figueira ◽  
Sean R. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Slave System ◽  
State Culture ◽  
Classical Greece ◽  
Complete Integration ◽  
General Growth ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
City State

Greek chattel or commercial slavery developed from general growth and sophistication of economic activity in emerging city-state culture. At Athens and elsewhere, non-commercial forms of slavery evanesced. As the supply of Greek slaves lessened for economic and ideological reasons, Greeks began to acquire slaves almost exclusively from non-Greek peoples. Slaves were considered private property but, as Aristotle argued, they were also considered ‘animate tools’, a category marking distinction from other animal property. Athenian slaves could enjoy a measure of behavioural latitude, some protection from arbitrary violence, and in some ways participated in the wider polis. However, exploitation was normal (sometimes with abuse) and constituted the essence of the slave system. Slave labour was prominent in the classical Greek economy, as slaves were numerous. Finally, although manumission was possible and perhaps frequent, complete integration into wider society was limited at Athens.

scholarly journals Challenging the Raison d’etre of internal devaluation in the context of the Greek economy

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos Alexiou ◽  
Joseph Nellis
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Greek Economy

This paper provides a critical assessment of the austerity measures that are being implemented in the crisis-stricken countries of the Eurozone, and in particular, the implications of internal devaluation for the Greek economy. The theoretical underpinnings and phases of internal devaluation are explored. A detailed statistical analysis of key macroeconomic indicators pertaining to the Greek economy is carried out. Alternatives to internal devaluation are proposed in this paper, laying the foundations for a reassessment of the policy of austerity and the implications for recovery and sustainability of economic activity in Greece and other countries of the Eurozone.

scholarly journals Financial Analysis of Major Retail Chains within a Turbulent Economic Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-222
Author(s):  
Zisoudis Nikolaos ◽  
Karelakis Christos ◽  
Theodossiou George ◽  
Loizou Efstratios
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
National Product ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
Retail Chains

Abstract The Greek economic activity has been declined dramatically in recent years as many sectors of the economy that cannot cope with the new state brought about by the economic crisis. An economic crisis can be described as the phenomenon when an economy is characterized by a continuous and noticeable decline in its economic activity. As an economic activity, we are referring to all the macroeconomic dimensions of the economy, such as employment, the national product, prices, investments, etc. The downturn in the supermarket sector, which is attributed to the country’s financial situation, has led to a decline in the household disposable income. The present study was carried out at the time of the economic crisis, concerning a productive sector of the Greek economy, where millions of euros are exchanged hands. The objective of the study was to explore the impacts of the economic crisis on the sector by using a series of financial indicators. The results point to significant effects on the efficiency and earnings of the major actors of the sector.

The Institutions of the Domestic Market

2018 ◽  
pp. 225-259
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Market System ◽  
Informational Asymmetry ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the institutions of the domestic market system in the Greek city-states. It begins with a discussion of private property in relation to trade, noting that, in the framework of the kind of collective appropriation constituted by the city-state, citizens were free to use their property as they wished. It then considers the city-states' law and legal practices relating to transactions, with particular emphasis on the law of sale and contracts, before exploring the agora as a legal space and as a marketplace connected with other official places of exchange that were also institutionalized. The chapter goes on to describe buying and selling in the agora, legal constraints on the agora, supervision of contracts and production, and the authority of the agoranomoi (magistrates). It concludes with an analysis of informational asymmetry and guarantee of sales in commercial trade, along with price control policies for commodities on sale.

IN COLOMBIA, IT IS ALL ABOUT INSTITUTIONS

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdiweli M Ali
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Judicial Efficiency ◽  
Low Levels

This paper highlights the importance of institutions on development and as it particularly applies to Colombia. It provides some evidence that the institutional environment in which an economic activity takes place is an important determinant of growth. It suggests that countries with high levels of economic growth are characterized with by high levels of economic freedom and judicial efficiency, low levels of corruption, effective bureaucracy, and protected private property.

scholarly journals Restrictions during pandemic: justified but is it lawful?

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-91
Author(s):  
Andra Mažrimaitė ◽  
Vytautas Pasvenskas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Ownership Rights

The article analyses if restrictions on business during the quarantines were proportionate and legitimate. The authors of this article argue that the forced closure of businesses during quarantine in its essence resembles the institute of taking private property ownership rights for public needs rather than restricting the freedom of economic activity because activities have been suspended entirely instead of merely being subject to certain operational restrictions. Such restrictions may be imposed only in exceptional cases and in the form of a law. It would be in line to consider proportionate compensations for businesses’ losses due to forcible closure from the State.

proxeny (proxenos)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Mack
Keyword(s):  
Central Element ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Private Institution ◽  
State Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Greek System ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
Formal Network ◽  
City State

Proxeny (proxenia) was an official honorific status granted by Greek states to members of external political communities and was closely related to the private institution of ritualized friendship (xenia). Recipients, who became proxenoi as a result, constituted a formal network of local friends for the granting state, capable of facilitating interactions for both official delegates and their citizens visiting on private business. Proxeny was consequently a central element of the Greek system of interstate institutions. It enabled state actors to establish connections with individuals at a wide range of other political communities within the densely fragmented city-state culture of the ancient Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Latest Economic Crisis And The Effects On Social Economic Aspects Into The Greek Economy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stamatis Kontsas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Market Liquidity ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
National Output ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
Sustained Recovery

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of economic crisis on social economic aspects using conceptual and empirical findings measurement models. The economy is gradually recovering from a deep recession but high social costs persist. Significant structural reforms have been legislated, but their mix and implementation were uneven. Stronger exports and investment are a key to sustained recovery. Economic crisis is a phenomenon in which an economy is characterized by a sustained and significant reduction of economic activity. Economic activity refers to all aggregates of the economy such as employment, national output, prices, investments and other. It is easy to understand that the country has faced both market liquidity problems and the drop in living standards due to the austerity measures and the structural problems which hinder entrepreneurship.

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