The Dynamics of Privately Held Business Assets in the United States

Although privately held businesses are central to the American economy, little is known about how their assets are distributed among the population. In this study, we describe the household distribution of private business assets in the United States and examine how it has changed over time. Using data from the 1989-2019 Survey of Consumer Finances, we show that the relative number of business owners has remained stagnant at low levels and that assets in privately held firms have become increasingly concentrated among the wealthiest owners over time. At the most recent wave of data collection, the top 1% of households controlled nearly 80% of private business assets, up from about 70% in the late 1980s. We attempt to explain this trend by evaluating how technological change, the financialization of banking, and rising market power have influenced the distribution of private business assets in recent decades. Our findings suggest that all three factors contributed to increasing asset concentration in this sector.

Discussions on How to Best Prepare Students on the Ethics of Human-Machine Interactions at Work

This chapter analyzes the evolution of the new ways of working, especially in terms of algorithms and machine learning. Special attention is given to algorithmic management and its ethical concerns, as well as to practical examples of the application of algorithms in different sectors. Faculty discussions about how to best prepare students to deal with human-machine interactions at work are presented, with algorithmic management and accountability the discussion's central axis. In algorithmic management, there are distinct positions to analyze; one that favors innovation and efficiency and privileges dignified work and ethics. A brief proposal on introducing algorithmic ethics into the programs offered at a private business school in Mexico is included.

Investment in South Africa

Since the achievement of democracy, high levels of gross fixed capital formation have been required for the economic and social transformation of South Africa. Public-sector investment has risen, particularly since 2008, but private-business investment has not grown enough, while manufacturing’s share of the capital stock has declined substantially. Common explanations for low investment in manufacturing are examined in the light of empirical literature and are judged to have inadequate evidential support. Industrial policies derived from these views, such as maintaining low interest rates to promote investment, need to be based on stronger evidence. An argument is put forward for a system-based approach to research on the determinants of investment.

Analysis of socio-economic conditions for rural development

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of observing the living conditions of the rural population, assessing the scale and effectiveness of state support measures aimed at the development of rural territories. The development of engineering infrastructure (gasification and water supply), provision of improved housing, accessibility of means of communication, educational and medical services in rural areas was considered. A comparative assessment of the level and structure of household income in the city and the countryside has been carried out. Living conditions have been identified as factors in the deterioration of the socio-economic situation in rural settlements. The directions of improvement of socio-economic conditions of development of rural territories, which involves increase of state support financing within the framework of federal targeted projects and programs, increase of interest of private business and activity of the local community, have been defined.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICY OF UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

The article defines the priorities of the social policy of Ukraine at the present stage. The socio-economic problems of Ukraine are analyzed, their causes and solutions are identified. It is shown that the main reason for the failures of the socio-economic policy of independent Ukraine is the uncritical attitude of Ukrainian reformers to the consequences of neoliberal policies in other countries, as a result of which foreign experience of socio-economic reforms began to be introduced without taking into account domestic specifics. The decline in the role of the state in socio-economic policy, the increase in the role of private business, the privatization of "everything and everyone" led to a sharp social stratification, an economic crisis, which became a trigger for crises in all spheres of Ukrainian society. One of the fundamental principles of neoliberal economics, deregulation, has also collapsed. It turned out that the market is not efficient in areas in which the business cannot make quick and large profits. The so-called "market failures" demonstrated the need for state regulation in the spheres of education, health care, ecology, etc. Conclusions of the study and prospects for further research in this direction. Thus, if the new government really wants to build a successful country of happy people, it must make social and economic policy its top priority. Its primary tasks at the present stage should be: reduction of tariffs for utilities by eliminating from them the corruption component and excess profits of suppliers; revision of the principles of granting subsidies for utility bills. Exclusion from the number of subsidies of those who do not need state aid, but have a formal right to receive it (they work unofficially); the fight against the shadow economy, with the concealment of income from taxation; reforming the system of wages and pensions; creation of jobs with decent wages; establishing interaction between the state and private business in order to increase the social responsibility of the latter.

Theoretical Approaches to Ensuring Effective Interaction of State and Non-State medical institutions in the Format of Public-Private Partnership

Expanding the sphere of interaction between the state and the medical business is one of the priorities for the development of the medical services market in the Russian Federation. The healthcare reform, based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, digital healthcare, and high medical technologies, is primarily aimed at improving the quality of medical services and the availability of highly qualified medical care for all segments of the population. Accessibility, quality and timeliness of medical care are the main postulates of the daily activities of a private medical institution. during the period of increasing crisis phenomena in the economy and social sphere, private medicine can provide significant assistance to the state health service, become the “lifesaver” for the domestic health protection system, which today is mostly represented by the public sector. One of the most effective mechanisms of interaction between the state and private business, adopted all over the world, is the system of public-private partnership. The purpose of the study is to analyze possible forms and mechanisms of interaction between the medical business and the state within the framework of public-private partnership. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . The assessment of the current regulatory framework was carried out, a significant volume of domestic and foreign literary publications was analyzed, the main theoretical hypothesis was formulated on the basis of the systematic scientific method and a research plan was built. R e s u l t s . In the course of the conducted research, objective main cause-and-effect factors affecting the development of an adequate system of public-private partnership in the field of medicine and healthcare have been identified and analyzed, in terms of the distribution of benefits, costs and risks carried out on the principles of long-term, voluntary, manageability, legal validity between a private medical organization and federal and/or municipal executive authorities. The main causal factors include insufficient funding, an unfavorable demographic situation, low efficiency of using the resource base, a reduction in the bed fund under the guise of “optimization”, a decrease in the social level of the population and the redistribution of the medical and diagnostic structure due to the COVID‑19 infection pandemic. It should be recognized that the state system of medical care is not always able to fully meet the needs of societies for high-quality qualified medical care. The analysis of foreign literature has shown that medical services abroad successfully use the principle of public-private partnership, redistributing efforts to form the necessary institutional environment in healthcare between private business and the state. Such a form of interaction as concession, leasing, franchise, outsourcing, aufstaffing allows us to optimally balance the interests of the medical business and public health, significantly optimize the budget costs for health protection, especially in a difficult epidemiological period. The result of the research was the development of a conceptual and theoretical model of various forms of interaction between private medical business and government agencies within the framework of public-private partnership programs. C o n c l u s i o n s . Thus, public-private partnership is an effective economic tool that ensures the coincidence of the interests of private medical business and the state, allowing to make a profit for both subjects of medical activity, with a reduction in state budget expenditures for healthcare purposes, but with the preservation of high quality medical services and resource provision.

Xi's common prosperity uses old methods on new targets

Significance The meeting ended with a call for high incomes to be regulated and for the rich to 'give back' more. It followed a series of dramatic regulatory actions against large private firms and super-rich individuals. Impacts Inequality has become a higher priority in recent years; many further attempts to address it will emerge. The Party has not soured on private business in general or in principle; most private firms and entrepreneurs will not be targets. Comparisons to Mao and the Cultural Revolution are misplaced. Next year's Party Congress is particularly sensitive, so the customary crackdowns ahead of it may be commensurately intense.

IMPLEMENTASI WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DAN AUTENTIKASI HOTSPOT MENGGUNAKAN RADIUS SERVER DI PT RIMBA MAKMUR UTAMA

ABSTRACTPT Rimba Makmur Utama is located on Jalan Kantin No.8 Kota Bogor. This private business company is engaged in the field of forest restoration on the island of Kalimantan, precisely in the Sampit region. This company's restoration is to save the forest from illegal logging and protect animals from extinction in the forests around the Sampit area. PT Rimba Makmur Utama is already using a hotspot so users can connect to the internet. However, problems arise when users move between rooms or places in the office but the wireless signal coverage cannot be reached. To overcome this, the solution is to build a Wireless Distribution System (WDS) network. WDS is a method that can be used to expand wireless networks by connecting multiple access points without using cables. Hotspot networks do not always provide fast and stable internet access. To overcome this, a user management system and bandwidth are needed using the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service protocol or RADIUS Server. User Manager is a RADIUS Server developed by MikroTik. All the area in the building have been covered with the internet. Users need username and password to connected to the network in the building.

Lean Thinking Approach in Crisis Scenarios: Managing a CBRNe Emergency in a Law Enforcement Department by Means of Managerial Decision-Making Tools

Ongoing developments in threats to security and public order demand a thorough analysis of the approaches currently used to avoid and resolve crisis situations, in particular when they relate to non-conventional CBRNe incidents. The ability to respond rapidly and efficiently to an unexpected situation requires an extensive knowledge of the CBRNe threats and the display of management resources to overcome the emergency phases. A CBRN advisor must have the ability to determine the consequences of a CBRN situation in any given context, in order to suggest the most favorable paths to emerge from the crisis to the decisional leader/manager. In this report we thoroughly explored, from the CBRN awareness point of view, a successful response to the emergency management of the Regional Forensic Police Centre of Firenze, using a range of instruments often related solely to the private business dimension, such as "Lean thinking approach" or the SWOT analysis, in order to exit the crisis phase mitigating the expected damages. Whit this research the two authors confirmed that correct management of a CBRN emergency cannot be entrusted to good will alone, but requires careful planning, in-depth knowledge of the crisis and managerial organization of events and resources.

Planning the Implementation of a Startup Project in Terms of Business Development and Commercialization of Innovations

The main stages of planning the implementation of a startup project in the conditions of private business development and commercialization of innovations are studied in the article. The article highlights the main characteristics of a startup project; the main stages of startup project management are researched; the need for planning for the implementation of a startup project is determined; the features of planning for the realization of a startup project are characterized. The article considers the essential aspects which are to be considered when planning a startup project. Some of the problems faced by a startup project manager are typical for specific stages of implementation, and some can occur at any time. The main task of the project manager is to form a basic strategic implementation plan and, by their actions, minimize the occurrence of non-standard situations that lead to the disruption of planned indicators and measures. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in developing scientific and practical provisions that allow increasing the success of the implementation of startup projects through planning.