Social Security

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry DeWitt ◽  
Edward D. Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Older People ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
Government Benefits

This chapter considers the history of Social Security, arguing that the 1950 amendments represented the fundamental adjustment that allowed the program’s long-term survival. It analyzes current issues in Social Security related to gender, race, and the program’s long-term solvency. It concludes that Social Security has legitimized the receipt of government benefits among many Americans and changed the nature of old age in the United States by providing older people with a guaranteed means of support. A large and costly program, Social Security has evolved into the United States’ major antipoverty program. Nonetheless it faces the criticism of those who argue that it favors older people over other age groups and that it represents an inefficient form of government coercion. Whether the program will be sustained in the future or modified in a significant way remains a critical question.

scholarly journals Long-term Survival of Dialysis Patients With Bacterial Endocarditis Undergoing Valvular Replacement Surgery in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell D. Leither ◽  
Gautam R. Shroff ◽  
Shu Ding ◽  
David T. Gilbertson ◽  
Charles A. Herzog
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bacterial Endocarditis ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Replacement Surgery ◽  
Valvular Replacement

Su1285 Long-Term Survival of Patients With Transplant-Eligible Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Post-MELD Exception Era in the United States Between 2004 and 2007

2013 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. S-447-S-448
Author(s):  
Pardha Devaki ◽  
Vidyasagargoud Marupakula ◽  
Sharad Nangia ◽  
Basile Njei ◽  
Ivo C. Ditah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival

scholarly journals A Standardized Approach to Orthotopic (Life-Supporting) Porcine Cardiac Xenotransplantation in a Non-Human Primate Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corbin E. Goerlich ◽  
Bartley P. Griffith ◽  
John A. Treffalls ◽  
Tianshu Zhang ◽  
Avneesh K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Human Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Large Animal Models

Abstract There are 5.7 million people in the United States with heart failure, which is life-limiting in 20% of patients.1 While data is most robust in the United States for this cohort, it is known to be a global problem with over 23 million people carrying the diagnosis.1 For end-stage heart failure, many require a heart transplantation, however, there is a shortage in the supply of organ donors. Cardiac xenotransplantation has been proposed to “bridge the gap” in supply for these patients requiring transplantation. Recent pre-clinical success using genetically modified pig donors in baboon recipients has demonstrated survival greater than 6 months.2–5 First-in-human transplantation of a genetically modified pig kidney demonstrated 54 hour rejection-free function when perfused by a deceased human recipient, demonstrating the feasibility of cross-species transplantation and invigorating enthusiasm further to utilize this new organ source for a population that would otherwise die waiting for a human organ.6 While this human study demonstrated proof-of-principle of overcoming hyperacute rejection, further regulatory oversight by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may be required with pre-clinical trials in large animal models of xenotransplantation with long-term survival. These studies not only require a multi-disciplinary team and expertise in orthotopic transplantation (cardiac surgery, anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass), immunology and genetic engineering; but also, specifically handling large animal recipients that cannot communicate their symptoms. Here we detail our approach to pig-to-primate large animal model of orthotopic cardiac xenotransplantation perioperatively and in the months thereafter in long-term surviving animals. We also detail xenograft surveillance methods and common issues that arise in the postoperative period specific to this model and ways to overcome them.

scholarly journals Long-Term Survival After Aortic Valve Replacement Among High-Risk Elderly Patients in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (13) ◽  
pp. 1621-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matthew Brennan ◽  
Fred H. Edwards ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Sean M. O'Brien ◽  
Pamela S. Douglas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Valve Replacement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival

Insurance status is an independent predictor of long-term survival after lung transplantation in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah G. Allen ◽  
George J. Arnaoutakis ◽  
Jonathan B. Orens ◽  
John McDyer ◽  
John V. Conte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival

Can Therapy of Hepatitis C Affect the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Kulik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
The Past

Chronic inflammation induced by viral infections and their role in carcinogenesis is well recognized. Two hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis B and hepatitis C (HCV), have been linked worldwide to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although orthotopic liver transplant offers the best chance for cure and long-term survival, the demand for organs far outweighs the supply. The incidence of HCC in the United States has increased over the past 3 decades. HCV-induced cirrhosis is believed to play a significant role in the rising rate of HCC. Therefore, primary measures to prevent HCC in HCV-infected patients are urgently needed. Numerous studies of the HCV HCC patient have considered primary treatment with interferon-based therapy. However, secondary prevention currently seems to carry more promise. This article evaluates and assesses various treatments for primary and secondary chemoprevention in the setting of HCV.

Mistrusting Authorities in an Unstable World

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-144
Author(s):  
Karla Vermeulen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Older People ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Political System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
History Of ◽  
System Today

The chapter “Mistrusting Authorities in an Unstable World” examines how members of Generation Disaster engage with the political system today, having grown up in a post-9/11, wartime climate when many felt lied to or misrepresented by politicians and other authorities. That was followed by the extreme divisiveness of U.S. politics in general during their adolescence and as they moved into emerging adulthood. While some have chosen to disengage entirely, others have been moved to protest, vote at record levels, and generally continue the tradition of trying to recapture power from older people they feel aren’t representing them adequately. The importance of civic engagement as a marker of adulthood, and the history of social movements in the United States, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Severe Pertussis Infections in the United States, 2011–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Mbayei ◽  
Amanda Faulkner ◽  
Christine Miner ◽  
Karen Edge ◽  
Victor Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The incidence of pertussis in the United States has increased in recent years. While characteristics of severe pertussis infection have been described in infants, fewer data are available in older children and adults. In this analysis, we characterize pertussis infections in hospitalized patients of all ages. Methods Cases of pertussis with cough onset from 1 January 2011 through 31 December 2015 from 7 US Emerging Infections Program Network states were reviewed. Additional information on hospitalized patients was obtained through abstraction of the inpatient medical record. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were conducted to characterize severe pertussis infection and identify potential risk factors. Results Among 15942 cases of pertussis reported, 515 (3.2%) were hospitalized. Three hospitalized patients died. Infants aged <2 months accounted for 1.6% of all pertussis cases but 29.3% of hospitalizations. Infants aged 2–11 months and adults aged ≥65 years also had high rates of hospitalization. Infants aged <2 months whose mothers received acellular pertussis during the third trimester and children aged 2 months to 11 years who were up to date on pertussis-containing vaccines had a 43%–66% reduced risk of hospitalization. Among adolescents aged 12–20 years, 43.5% had a history of asthma, and among adults aged ≥65 years, 26.8% had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions Individuals at the extreme ends of life may be the most vulnerable to severe pertussis infections, though hospitalization was reported across all age groups. Continued monitoring of severe pertussis infections will be important to help guide prevention, control, and treatment options.

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