Networks in the Laboratory

There is a large body of empirical work which studies the influence of network structure on economic outcomes, but these observational studies are subject to identification problems. In the laboratory, by contrast, we can control subjects’ position in the network and their information. This provides an opportunity to test the predictions of network theories and study the effects of variables about which our models have little to say. This chapter surveys network research in experimental economics. The first part discusses experiments of games played on networks, focusing on how different architectures lead to different outcomes. The second part discusses trading in networks where connections represent potential trading relations. The aim of these experiments is to investigate the role of network architecture in determining the efficiency of markets. Overall, the results show that the clarity that is achieved by putting behavior “under the microscope” is well worth the necessary simplification.

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Research on Multimedia Business Network Architecture Based on Distributed IP Technology

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5680 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 556-562 ◽

pp. 5680-5684

Author(s):

Ya Qi Li ◽

Jia Guo

Keyword(s):

Network Structure ◽

Network Architecture ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Business Network ◽

Site Structure ◽

Network Transmission ◽

Business Web ◽

Business Site ◽

Transmission Speed

Multimedia business network architecture is to raise the transmission rate of multimedia information, reduce the delay characteristics of the transmission process, so the multimedia service website can operate fast, reliable. In this paper we use multiple distributed IP technology to design the multimedia business network structure of IPV6. In order to verify the performance of network structure, we use IPerf software to test the performance of IPV6 multimedia business web site, and compare the performance of network under different distributed IP. By contrast, the network transmission speed of the multi distributed IPV6 is highest, delay characteristics are the shortest; and the distributed IPV6 is secondary; the worst is the general distributed IP. The transmission rate is 2.32 M/s; network delay characteristics can reach 232.21 ms, which verifies the important role of distributed IP in the multimedia business site structure. It provides technical support for the study of multimedia network.

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The microscopic network structure of mussel ( Mytilus ) adhesive plaques

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2015.0827 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (113) ◽

pp. 20150827 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Emmanouela Filippidi ◽

Daniel G. DeMartini ◽

Paula Malo de Molina ◽

Eric W. Danner ◽

Juntae Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Network Structure ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Network Architecture ◽

Mytilus Californianus ◽

Chemical Denaturation ◽

Marine Mussels ◽

Adhesive Pads ◽

Essential Insight ◽

Insight Into

Marine mussels of the genus Mytilus live in the hostile intertidal zone, attached to rocks, bio-fouled surfaces and each other via collagen-rich threads ending in adhesive pads, the plaques. Plaques adhere in salty, alkaline seawater, withstanding waves and tidal currents. Each plaque requires a force of several newtons to detach. Although the molecular composition of the plaques has been well studied, a complete understanding of supra-molecular plaque architecture and its role in maintaining adhesive strength remains elusive. Here, electron microscopy and neutron scattering studies of plaques harvested from Mytilus californianus and Mytilus galloprovincialis reveal a complex network structure reminiscent of structural foams. Two characteristic length scales are observed characterizing a dense meshwork (approx. 100 nm) with large interpenetrating pores (approx. 1 µm). The network withstands chemical denaturation, indicating significant cross-linking. Plaques formed at lower temperatures have finer network struts, from which we hypothesize a kinetically controlled formation mechanism. When mussels are induced to create plaques, the resulting structure lacks a well-defined network architecture, showcasing the importance of processing over self-assembly. Together, these new data provide essential insight into plaque structure and formation and set the foundation to understand the role of plaque structure in stress distribution and toughening in natural and biomimetic materials.

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Parenting and the Prosocial Behaviors of Children Across Cultures

The Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.013.11 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 162-178

Author(s):

Maria Rosario T. de Guzman ◽

Aileen S. Garcia ◽

Irene O. Padasas ◽

Bernice Vania N. Landoy

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Family Life ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Large Body ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Well Being ◽

Prosocial Behaviors ◽

Inductive Discipline ◽

Parenting Dimensions

A large body of empirical work has shown the role that parenting plays in the development of prosocial behaviors of children. Parenting styles (e.g., democratic versus authoritarian) and parenting practices (e.g., inductive discipline versus guilt-shame induction) in particular have been empirically linked to prosocial behaviors as well as numerous other well-being indicators in children. What is less understood is the role that culture and cultural context might play in the parenting-prosocial nexus. This chapter explores the contributions of culture comparative and in-depth cultural studies of parenting and children’s prosocial behaviors. These studies extend the range of variability of parenting dimensions and contexts as they relate to children’s prosocial outcomes – providing a means of testing the generalizability of theory in a wider range of settings, as well as in identifying facets of parenting and family life that may otherwise be neglected in current scholarship. Collectively, studies support traditional socialization theories and show how numerous parenting dimensions are linked to prosocial outcomes in children in several cultural communities. Nonetheless, emerging research suggests culturally embedded processes that impact upon the parenting and prosocial link - meriting closer attention for future scholarship.

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The MAL Protein, an Integral Component of Specialized Membranes, in Normal Cells and Cancer

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10051065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1065

Author(s):

Armando Rubio-Ramos ◽

Leticia Labat-de-Hoz ◽

Isabel Correas ◽

Miguel A. Alonso

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Large Body ◽

Original Description ◽

Cell Types ◽

Future Research ◽

Transmembrane Segments ◽

Epsilon Toxin ◽

Proteolipid Proteins ◽

Polarized Epithelial Cells

The MAL gene encodes a 17-kDa protein containing four putative transmembrane segments whose expression is restricted to human T cells, polarized epithelial cells and myelin-forming cells. The MAL protein has two unusual biochemical features. First, it has lipid-like properties that qualify it as a member of the group of proteolipid proteins. Second, it partitions selectively into detergent-insoluble membranes, which are known to be enriched in condensed cell membranes, consistent with MAL being distributed in highly ordered membranes in the cell. Since its original description more than thirty years ago, a large body of evidence has accumulated supporting a role of MAL in specialized membranes in all the cell types in which it is expressed. Here, we review the structure, expression and biochemical characteristics of MAL, and discuss the association of MAL with raft membranes and the function of MAL in polarized epithelial cells, T lymphocytes, and myelin-forming cells. The evidence that MAL is a putative receptor of the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, the expression of MAL in lymphomas, the hypermethylation of the MAL gene and subsequent loss of MAL expression in carcinomas are also presented. We propose a model of MAL as the organizer of specialized condensed membranes to make them functional, discuss the role of MAL as a tumor suppressor in carcinomas, consider its potential use as a cancer biomarker, and summarize the directions for future research.

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The Influence of Incubator and Accelerator Participation on Nanotechnology Venture Success

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ◽

10.1177/10422587211024510 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104225872110245

Author(s):

Jennifer L. Woolley ◽

Nydia MacGregor

Keyword(s):

Venture Capital ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Development Program ◽

Development Programs ◽

Government Grants ◽

Recent Growth ◽

Using Data

This study investigates how venture development programs such as private incubators, university incubators, and accelerators influence the success of participating nanotechnology startups. With the recent growth in such programs, empirical work is needed to compare their impact on participants across programs and with nonparticipants. Using data on firm bankruptcies, liquidation, government grants, and venture capital, we find benefits, but the influence of each venture development program varies greatly. We further investigate the influence of program services and resources to clarify program heterogeneity beyond existing typologies. The results clarify the role of these programs and ecosystem intermediaries.

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Role of Matrix Gla Protein in the Complex Network of Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Life ◽

10.3390/life11080737 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 737

Author(s):

Marko Kumric ◽

Josip A. Borovac ◽

Tina Ticinovic Kurir ◽

Dinko Martinovic ◽

Ivan Frka Separovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Complex Network ◽

Vascular Calcification ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Large Body ◽

Matrix Gla Protein ◽

Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is widely recognized as one of the most important clinical entities. In recent years, a large body of accumulated data suggest that coronary artery calcification, a process highly prevalent in patients with CAD, occurs via well-organized biologic processes, rather than passively, as previously regarded. Matrix Gla protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein, emerged as an important inhibitor of both intimal and medial vascular calcification. The functionality of MGP hinges on two post-translational modifications: phosphorylation and carboxylation. Depending on the above-noted modifications, various species of MGP may exist in circulation, each with their respective level of functionality. Emerging data suggest that dysfunctional species of MGP, markedly, dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP, might find its application as biomarkers of microvascular health, and assist in clinical decision making with regard to initiation of vitamin K supplementation. Hence, in this review we summarized the current knowledge with respect to the role of MGP in the complex network of vascular calcification with concurrent inferences to CAD. In addition, we discussed the effects of warfarin use on MGP functionality, with concomitant implications to coronary plaque stability.

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