scholarly journals Possible existence of a third fundamental long-range force

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Nakanishi ◽  
Ritsu Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Einstein Gravity ◽  
Order Perturbation ◽  
Order Perturbation Theory ◽  
Relativistic Limit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Angular Momenta ◽  
Range Force

Abstract It is inferred that, in addition to the Coulomb and Newtonian forces, there should exist a third fundamental long-range force, which acts between intrinsic angular momenta. This inference is based on the quantum Einstein gravity, that is, the manifestly-covariant, BRS-invariant, canonically quantized theory of general relativity. The form of the potential of the third fundamental long-range force is determined by calculating the non-relativistic limit of the Bethe–Salpeter kernel in the lowest-order perturbation theory. The observability of this force is also discussed.

scholarly journals Einstein–Yang–Mills theory: gauge invariant charges and linearization instability

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Altas ◽  
Ercan Kilicarslan ◽  
Bayram Tekin
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Order Perturbation ◽  
Order Perturbation Theory ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
First Order ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
First Order Perturbation

AbstractWe construct the gauge-invariant electric and magnetic charges in Yang–Mills theory coupled to cosmological general relativity (or any other geometric gravity), extending the flat spacetime construction of Abbott and Deser (Phys Lett B 116:259–263, 1982). For non-vanishing background gauge fields, the charges receive non-trivial contribution from the gravity part. In addition, we study the constraints on the first order perturbation theory and establish the conditions for linearization instability: that is the validity of the first order perturbation theory.

LONG-RANGE COUPLING CONSTANTS IN THE N.M.R. SPECTRA OF OLEFINES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Order Perturbation ◽  
Order Perturbation Theory ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Perturbation

The spectra of tiglic and angelic acids and their methyl esters have been determined and analyzed by first-order perturbation theory. The magnitudes of the long-range coupling constants were found to be greater in each instance for trans oriented hydrogens than for cis hydrogens. All long-range coupling constants already reported have been examined and found to be consistent with the proposal that trans coupling constants are larger than cis coupling constants for hydrogens separated by more than three bonds.

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