The perceived risks of e-cigarettes to others and during pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Kip Viscusi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Risk Beliefs ◽  
Harm To Others

Abstract Background Public Health England has concluded that e-cigarettes are much safer than cigarettes for the user and for secondhand exposures, but it has not reached a definitive conclusion regarding pregnancy risks. How people perceive the risks to others is less well understood. Methods This study uses an online UK sample of 1041 adults to examine perceived e-cigarette risks to others and during pregnancy. The survey examines relative risk beliefs of e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes and the percentage reduction in harm provided by e-cigarettes. Results A majority of the sample believes that secondhand exposure to e-cigarette vapors poses less risk than secondhand smoke from cigarettes, but almost two-fifths of the sample equate the secondhand risks from e-cigarettes to those from cigarettes. There is somewhat greater perception of e-cigarette risks during pregnancy compared to beliefs regarding secondhand risks of vaping. About two-fifths of the population believe that e-cigarettes are less risky than cigarettes during pregnancy. Respondents believe that e-cigarettes reduce the harm to others by 39% and the harm to babies by 36%. Conclusion There is a general sense that e-cigarettes pose less risk than cigarettes, but there is a need for further risk communication regarding comparative e-cigarette risks.

Risk communication: Relative risk vs. probability displays

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Parker ◽  
Eric R. Stone ◽  
J. Frank Yates
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Communication

scholarly journals Descriptive Epidemiology of Rescue-Related Fatal Drowning in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6613
Author(s):  
Ali Işın ◽  
Adnan Turgut ◽  
Amy E. Peden
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Death Registry ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Drowning is a public-health threat and a leading cause of injury-related death. In Turkey, drowning results in 900 fatalities annually, and the rate is rising. As data on rescue-related drowning are scarce, this retrospective study explores the epidemiology of fatal drowning among rescuers in Turkey. As there are no routinely collected death registry data on drowning in Turkey, data were sourced from media reports of incidents between 2015 and 2019. Rescuer fatalities were analysed by age, sex, activity prior to rescue, location, incident day of week and season, and place of death. Statistical analyses comprised X2 tests of significance (p < 0.05) and calculation of relative risk (95% confidence interval) using fatality rates. In total, 237 bystander rescuers drowned (90% male; 35% 15–24 years). In 33% of cases, the primary drowning victim (PDV) was successfully rescued, while in 46% of cases the rescue resulted in multiple drowning fatalities (mean = 2.29; range 1–5 rescuers). Rescues were more likely to be successful in saving the PDV if undertaken at the beach/sea (X2 = 29.147; p < 0.001), while swimming (X2 = 12.504; p = 0.001), or during summer (X2 = 8.223; p = 0.029). Risk of bystander rescue-related fatal drowning was twice as high on weekdays compared to on weekends (RR = 2.04; 95%CI: 1.56–2.67). While bystanders play an important role in reducing drowning, undertaking a rescue is not without risk and can lead to multiple drowning incidents. Training in rescue and resuscitation skills (especially the prioritization of non-contact rescues) coupled with increasing awareness of drowning risk, are risk-reduction strategies which should be explored in Turkey.

scholarly journals Communicating With Residents About Risks Following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 74S-89S ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Murakami ◽  
Akiko Sato ◽  
Shiro Matsui ◽  
Aya Goto ◽  
Atsushi Kumagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Nuclear Accident ◽  
Fukushima Nuclear Accident ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Medical Professionals

The Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011 posed major threats to public health. In response, medical professionals have tried to communicate the risks to residents. To investigate forms of risk communication and to share lessons learned, we reviewed medical professionals’ activities in Fukushima Prefecture from the prefectural level to the individual level: public communication through Fukushima Health Management Surveys, a Yorozu (“general”) health consultation project, communications of radiological conditions and health promotion in Iitate and Kawauchi villages, dialogues based on whole-body counter, and science communications through online media. The activities generally started with radiation risks, mainly through group-based discussions, but gradually shifted to face-to-face communications to address comprehensive health risks to individuals and well-being. The activities were intended to support residents’ decisions and to promote public health in a participatory manner. This article highlights the need for a systematic evaluation of ongoing risk communication practices, and a wider application of successful approaches for Fukushima recovery and for better preparedness for future disasters.

Revisiting the Importance of Risk Communication for Public Health Practitioners

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Knechtges ◽  
Gregory D. Kearney ◽  
Stephanie L. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Public Health Practitioners

Expanding CERC Beyond Public Health: Sharing Best Practices With Healthcare Managers via Virtual Learning

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 83S-87S ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Hewitt ◽  
Susan S. Spencer ◽  
Rameshsharma Ramloll ◽  
Heidi Trotta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Virtual Learning ◽  
Virtual Learning Environment ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
The Impact

Developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2002, the Crisis Emergency and Risk Communication (CERC) training module is a nationally and internationally recognized communication model. With the looming threat of a pandemic and the potential for a protracted ongoing siege, a valuable opportunity exists to introduce crisis and emergency preparedness communication best practices to a new population—health care managers and administrators. The CERC toolkit and resources, provide an easy, turn-key solution and a validated template for educators who are not directly involved in public health education but desire to share this content. In this example, graduate students enrolled in an Master of Health Administration program, used a Play2Train scenario, located in the virtual learning environment of SecondLife (2007), to incorporate concepts from the CERC model. By applying the CERC best practices in a real-time virtual learning scenario, students learned collaboration and the leadership competencies necessary to help implement Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations emergency communication protocols and community collaboration requirements. By expanding the impact of the CERC model and developing unified risk communication responses and information sharing, all health professionals can enhance the effectiveness of their emergency preparedness plans so that the public can be better served.

scholarly journals ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10039
Author(s):  
Salvador Domènech-Montoliu ◽  
Joan Puig-Barberà ◽  
Maria Rosario Pac-Sa ◽  
Paula Vidal-Utrillas ◽  
Marta Latorre-Poveda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
The Public ◽  
Telephone Interviews

After a COVID-19 outbreak in the Falles festival of Borriana (Spain) during March 2020, a cohort of patients were followed until October 2020 to estimate complications post-COVID-19, considering ABO blood groups (ABO). From 536 laboratory-confirmed cases, 483 completed the study (90.1%) carried by the Public Health Center of Castelló and the Emergency and Microbiology and Clinical Analysis of Hospital de la Plana Vila-real. The study included ABO determination and telephone interviews of patients. The participants had a mean age of 37.2 ± 17.1 years, 300 females (62.1%). ABO were O (41.4%), A (45.5%), B (9.1%), and AB (3.9%). We found no difference in the incidence of COVID-19 infections. A total of 159 (32.9%) patients reported one or more post-COVID-19 complications with divergent incidences after adjustment: O (32.3%), A (32.6%), B (54.1%), and AB (27.6%); B groups had more complications post-COVID-19 when compared with O group (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68, 95% CI 1.24–2.27), and symptoms of fatigue (1.79, 95% CI 1.08–2.95), myalgia (2.06, 95% CI 1.10–3.84), headache (2.61, 95% CI 1.58–4.31), and disorder of vision (4.26 95% CI 1.33–13.60). In conclusion, we observed significant differences in post-COVID-19 complications by ABO, with a higher incidence in B group. Additional research is justified to confirm our results.

The Dark Side of the (Preparedness) Moon: Why Promoting Public Preparedness Remains Challenging

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 593-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moran Bodas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Threat Perception ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
External Incentives ◽  
Innovative Approaches

AbstractDespite best intentions and considerable effort, promoting households' preparedness to emergencies remains insufficiently low globally. It seems that, in some cases, particularly those in which populations are frequently exposed to any given threat, a more complex sociopsychological framework emerges – one in which classical motivators, such as threat perception cues, are no longer capable of turning salient belief into action. Recent studies suggest that this phenomenon, called victimization, has considerable implications on the efficacy of risk communication efforts and could jeopardize the success in promoting public readiness. Circumventing the psychological barriers caused by this phenomenon requires innovative approaches, such as using external incentives. The model and its implications are discussed (Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13:593-595)

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