Benomyl Root Dips Adversely Affect First-Year Performance of Stored Loblolly Pine Seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Stumpff ◽  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
Clay Slurry ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Dipping loblolly pine roots into a clay slurry containing benomyl (1.25% active ingredient) at the time of packing did not improve survival of seedlings stored (near 3°C) for 1 to 4 weeks. In some situations, benomyl decreased out-planting survival. Regardless of lifting date or storage length, benomyl slightly decreased first-year height growth (by 12 to 17%). Although previous research has demonstrated that a benomyl treatment can improve the ability of March-lifted seedlings to withstand prolonged storage, a beneficial response is not yet predictable for loblolly pine seedlings lifted between October and February. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):133-137.

scholarly journals Washing Roots Reduces Vigor of Loblolly Pine Seedlings

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
William A. Carey ◽  
David B. South ◽  
M. Williford ◽  
J. Britt
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Initial Height ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were lifted from two nurseries in Georgia, and the roots were washed using equipment built for that purpose. Seedlings then received two levels of storage and were outplanted not far from the nursery of origin (one loam soil and one sandy soil). Immediately after washing, root weights and the length of fine roots did not differ among wash treatments from either nursery. Survival was excellent for all treatments on the loam soil, but a single wash reduced survival by 5 to 10% when seedlings were planted in sand. Washing slowed the rate of budbreak and early height growth. Bud growth of seedlings planted in a stress pit (containing sand) was correlated with both root growth 1 month after planting (r = 0.36,P = 0.0003) and survival 2 months after planting (r =0.62,P = 0.01). Among seedlings outplanted on a sandy site, initial height growth also correlated with survival (r = 0.49,P = 0.007). South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):25–30.

Improving Field Performance of Southern Pine Seedlings by Treating with Fungicides before Storage

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Barnett ◽  
John C. Brissette ◽  
Albert G. Kais ◽  
John P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Clay Slurry

Abstract Field survival of longleaf, shortleaf, slash, and loblolly pine seedlings that had benomyl incorporated into the packing medium was markedly improved over that of clay-slurry controls. The more difficult to store seedlings of longleaf and shortleaf pine had greater magnitudes of response than more easily stored loblolly and slash pines. The decrease in seedling survival with storage time is related to a rapid increase in pathogenic microorganisms in cold storage. Although Benlate® ¹ 50WP is now registered for this use, the most effective fungicide dosage rates for routine use with different southern pine species must still be determined. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):281-285.

Potential use of bialaphos, a microbially produced phytotoxin, to control red raspberry in forest plantations and its effect on black spruce

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jobidon
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Quadratic Relation ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Active Radiation

Bialaphos foliar sprays were tested in eastern Quebec for control of red raspberry (Rubusidaeus L.), and the tolerance of planted black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings was determined. Approximately 3 weeks after bialaphos was applied in July, August, or September, virtually all raspberry plants were killed. Efficiency of the June application, however, was much reduced. Spruce current-year foliage was more affected than older foliage. Foliar injury was more pronounced for bialaphos applications in June and July than for applications in August. First-year spruce survival was not affected by the treatments. Second-year evaluations revealed a significant quadratic relation of (i) month of application × bialaphos rate on raspberry density and (ii) bialaphos rate on raspberry height growth. Reduction in raspberry density and height growth was greater with the 2.0 and 2.5 kg active ingredient per hectare rates applied in August. As part of the evaluation of treatment efficiency, photosynthetically active radiation reaching spruce seedlings was measured using a portable integrating radiometer. Raspberry density and height growth were both negatively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation reaching spruce seedlings. A significant quadratic relation was found between bialaphos rate and 2nd-year spruce survival, which reached 95%, regardless of month and rate of application. A significant quadratic relation was found between spruce diameter growth increment and bialaphos rate. Except for calcium, 2nd-year spruce foliar mineral content was not affected by the treatments. Bialaphos treatments in August, with rates ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 kg active ingredient per hectare, had only slight or no adverse effects on spruce survival, foliar injury, and growth increment. Selective control of red raspberry in young black spruce plantations is a function of bialaphos rate and month of application.

Foliar Nitrogen Content at Lifting Correlates with Early Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings from 20 Nurseries

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry S. Larsen ◽  
David B. South ◽  
James N. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Height growth of outplanted loblolly pine seedlings was monitored over a 3-year period. Growth of seedlings from 20 nurseries was correlated with initial seedling characteristics from paired samples. Height growth during the first 6 months after planting was negatively correlated with the initial seedling height and shoot/root ratio and was positively correlated with root growth potential (RGP) and root weight. However, these variables were not significantly correlated with later growth. Foliar nitrogen content (mg of foliar nitrogen per seedling) was positively correlated with both initial and subsequent field growth. Foliar nitrogen content was the only variable that was significantly correlated with diameter growth and volume growth during the third year after planting. This variable accounted for 36% of the variation among sample means for 3-year height growth. These data support a previous report that field performance of loblolly pine seedlings during the first 3 years in the field can be influenced by the foliar nitrogen content at lifting. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):181-185.

Effects of Viterra® Root Dips and Benomyl on Root Growth Potential and Survival of Longleaf Pine Seedlings

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
David B. South ◽  
Nancy J. Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Clay Slurry

Abstract A mixture of clay and benomyl is registered for use on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to control diseases and increase outplanting survival. However, for one sandy site in Alabama, treating roots with a gel slurry of Viterra containing benomyl reduced survival of stored seedlings when compared to a clay slurry containing benomyl (2.5% active ingredient). Root growth potential for January-lifted seedlings was also reduced by adding benomyl to a Viterra gel. For this study, seedlings planted in January and mid-February had better survival than seedlings planted in December or March. Poor survival in December resulted when seedlings were planted 2 wk prior to a hard freeze. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):19-23.

Recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings from simulated browse damage

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Shelton ◽  
Michael D Cain
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Multiple Stems

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings are frequently browsed by a wide variety of animals during the first few years of their development. Although anecdotal observations indicate that the potential for seedling recovery is good, there is little quantitative information on the factors affecting the recovery process. Thus, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of the extent and season of simulated browse damage on the recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings under controlled conditions. Seedlings were clipped at five positions: at the midpoint between the root collar and cotyledons and so that 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the height between the cotyledons and the terminal remained after clipping. Clipping treatments were applied in two seasons: winter and spring. All seedlings clipped below the cotyledons died, confirming that dormant buds or lateral shoots are required for recovery. Survival of seedlings clipped above the cotyledons was 97% for winter clipping and 96% for spring clipping. Most of the seedling mortality (73%) was for seedlings with only 25% of their height remaining. Regression analysis revealed that second-year seedling size was positively affected by first-year size and percentage of remaining height after clipping and that seedlings clipped in winter were larger at 2 years than those clipped during spring. Logistic regression indicated a higher probability of multiple stems resulting from the more severe clipping treatments. Clipping season and severity also significantly affected the probability for tip moth (Rhyacionia spp.) damage, which occurred more frequently in the larger seedlings. Results suggest that planting seedlings deep, with the cotyledons just below ground level, may be an advantage in areas where browse damage is common.

scholarly journals Seedling Evaluation of Atlantic Coastal and Piedmont Sources of Loblolly Pine and Their Hybrids for Height Growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Steven E. McKeand ◽  
Angelia J. Kegley ◽  
Bailian Li
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Atlantic Coastal

Abstract Seedlings of 60 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) polycross families representing four populations, Atlantic Coastal (CxC), Piedmont (PxP), Coastal × Piedmont (CxP), and Piedmont × Coastal (PxC) were evaluated for first-year seedling height growth in an outdoor site in Raleigh, North Carolina. The CxP hybrids grew as well as the pure Coastal loblolly source, and the PxC hybrids were not significantly taller than the pure Piedmont population. The hybrid populations were intermediate between the parental populations and did not exhibit heterosis for height. However, the hybrids were 4–10% taller than the PxP population, which is the population currently used for forestation in the Piedmont region. There was an advantage for early seedling height growth in having the female parent from the Coastal plain, which appeared to be related to length of the growing season as measured by bud set time. There were strong family differences for seedling height within populations, indicating the potential for selecting the best families within the best populations. The implication is that the hybrid populations of CxP and PxC with improved growth may be better planting stock for the Piedmont than the pure Piedmont populations on some sites. Before implementing such a plan, cold-hardiness and long-term growth and adaptability should be evaluated. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):83–90.

Influence of Fertilization and Ectomycorrhizae on Loblolly Pine Growth and Susceptibility to Fusiform Rust

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Powers ◽  
S. J. Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Infected Tree ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Rust Severity

Abstract The application of fertilizer and the mycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius, did not increase the height growth of loblolly pine seedlings during their first four years of growth. Fertilization, however, did increase the overall number of fusiform rust galls per infected tree. This increase was highly significant on the susceptible control seedlings, but was not significant on resistant Livingston Parish seedlings. This indicates that cultural practices such as fertilization can be applied to rust-resistant seedlings, such as the Livingston Parish seed source, without significantly increasing rust severity.

Response of loblolly pine and sweetgum seedlings to oxyfluorfen

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Seedling Age ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene) was applied at a rate equivalent to a field application rate of 3 kg active ingredient/ha to seed and to 1- to 6-week-old seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) under greenhouse conditions. Loblolly pine was more tolerant of oxyfluorfen than sweetgum at all ages. Emergence of sweetgum was completely inhibited by oxyfluorfen, while loblolly pine seedling emergence was reduced by 33%. Tolerance to oxyfluorfen by both species increased with increasing seedling age. Except for the 6-week-old loblolly pine seedlings, dry weights of shoots and roots of treated seedlings were lower than controls. Oxyfluorfen injured the apical meristem of sweetgum at all ages but meristems of loblolly pine seedlings older than 2 weeks did not show any injury.

Effects of chilling and photoperiod on dormancy release of container-grown loblolly pine seedlings

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin P. Garber
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Broad Temperature Range ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Chilling Temperatures

Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings, which set bud in fall, required exposure to chilling temperatures before growth could resume under a 10- or 12-h photoperiod; whereas a 14-h photoperiod partially substituted for the chilling requirement. A 10- to 14-h photoperiod, however, did not affect the rate of budbreak once the chilling requirement was satisfied. A broad temperature range (0 – 12 °C) was equally effective in satisfying the chilling requirement. In situations where subfreezing temperatures were sufficient to decrease the extent of shoot growth or result in seedling mortality, the rate of budbreak for surviving seedlings was not affected. Exposure to low but above freezing temperatures beyond that necessary to satisfy the chilling requirement for budbreak resulted in increased height growth. Chilling temperatures apparently were involved both in ameliorating bud dormancy and promoting vegetative growth.

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