mycorrhizal fungus
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2022 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 104294
Author(s):  
Yongqiang Qin ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Zengwei Feng ◽  
Guangda Feng ◽  
Honghui Zhu ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Tanaka ◽  
Kayo Hashimoto ◽  
Yuuki Kobayashi ◽  
Koji Yano ◽  
Taro Maeda ◽  
...  

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutually beneficial interaction between fungi and land plants and promotes global phosphate cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. AM fungi are recognised as obligate symbionts that require root colonisation to complete a life cycle involving the production of propagules, asexual spores. Recently, it has been shown that Rhizophagus irregularis can produce infection-competent secondary spores asymbiotically by adding a fatty acid, palmitoleic acid. Furthermore, asymbiotic growth can be supported using myristate as a carbon and energy source for their asymbiotic growth to increase fungal biomass. However, the spore production and the ability of these spores to colonise host roots were still limited compared to the co-culture of the fungus with plant roots. Here we show that a combination of two plant hormones, strigolactone and jasmonate, induces the production of a large number of infection-competent spores in asymbiotic cultures of Rhizophagus clarus HR1 in the presence of myristate and organic nitrogen. Inoculation of asymbiotically-generated spores promoted the growth of host plants, as observed for spores produced by symbiotic culture system. Our findings provide a foundation for the elucidation of hormonal control of the fungal life cycle and the development of inoculum production schemes.


2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyan Gao ◽  
Jun Ji ◽  
Yujin Zhang ◽  
Ningxian Yang ◽  
Mingsheng Zhang

Abstract Background Cremastra appendiculata is a rare terrestrial orchid with a high market value as an ornamental and medicinal plant. However, the species depends entirely on fungi for seed germination under natural conditions. In a previous study, we have successfully isolated and identified the mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus which was able to induce the germination of C. appendiculata seeds. We then speculated that C. disseminatus may do so by breaking the testa imposed dormancy of the seeds. In this study, biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were used to characterize the germination of C. appendiculata seeds, collected at different stages of germination, as affected by C. disseminatus. Results The lignocellulose in the seeds coat of C. appendiculata was degraded by the mycorrhizal fungus resulting in facilitated absorption of water. The rate of decline in lignin content was 67 and 73% at 6 and 12 days after sowing, respectively. The water content increased from 13 to 90% during symbiosis. A total of 15,382 genes showing significantly different levels of expression (log2 FPKM≥2.0, Qvalue≤0.05) were successfully identified among all libraries, where the highest number of DEGs was shared between 6 days versus 0 day after symbiotic germination. Gene annotation results suggested that 15 key genes related water-status, such as DHN gene family and Xero 1 were down-regulated. The genes zeaxanthin epoxidase ZEP, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase NCED3 and β-carotene hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly down-regulated in 6 days as compared to 0 day after symbiotic germination. Conclusions This work demonstrates that mycorrhizal fungus C. disseminatus can stimulate C. appendiculata seeds germination through a mechanism of breaking the testa imposed dormancy and inducing water absorption of the embryo.


2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Martyna Dominiak-Świgoń ◽  
Zbigniew Kasprzykowski ◽  
Marlena Lembicz

In a clonal network, a mother plant is connected with daughter ramets. During network development, new ramets may encounter barriers that disrupt network integrity. As a result, resource allocation within a network is disturbed. In this study, the effect of network integrity disruption on the size of ramets and their sexual reproduction was investigated in mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella). Three types of networks were formed experimentally with unlimited resource allocation, with limited resource allocation between a mother plant and its daughter ramets and with limited resource allocation between all ramets. Networks were either supported by the presence of a mycorrhizal fungus or restricted by its absence. We found that the size of the mother and the effectiveness of sexual reproduction did not differ among network types. The length and dry mass of runners were higher in cases with limited resource exchange between a mother plant and its daughters. In the clonal plant network without any barriers to connection, a higher number of rosettes and lower dry mass of daughters were recorded. The mean number of daughter flowers did not differ among the network types. Mycorrhizal network is one of the most important factors for the sexual reproduction of clonal plants. With a reduced mycorrhizal network, plants invested in clonal growth.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thales Caetano Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Silva Rodrigues Cabral ◽  
Leticia Rezende Santana ◽  
Germanna Gouveia Tavares ◽  
Luan Dionísio Silva Santos ◽  
...  

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an economically important crop worldwide. However, increasingly long periods of drought have reduced the productivity of this crop. Studies have shown that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provides a potential alternative strategy for mitigating drought. In the present study, we measured the physiological and morphological performance of two soybean cultivars under drought in symbiosis with Rhizophagus clarus. Soybean plants Anta82 and Desafio, were grown in pots previously inoculated with R. clarus. Water deficit (WD) was imposed at the V3 development stage and maintained for 7 days. A control group was performed in parallel with well-irrigated plants in the absence of R. clarus in a greenhouse. Three and seven days after the WD imposition the analysis were performed. Cultivar Anta82 showed a higher percentage of colonization, N and K leaf content, whereas Desafio, showed higher water potential, water-use efficiency under WD, and thermal dissipation that allowed higher values for Fv/Fm, A, and PH under WD+AMF. The Principal Components Analysis results were able to demonstrate that both cultivars in water deficit with AMF colonization clustered together with well-watered plants. These findings suggest that AMF had an effect on plants in order to reduce drought physiological impairment.


Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
O.J. Olawuyi ◽  
C.U. Ezeanya ◽  
U. Orkpeh

Red flower rag leaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides) is one of the underutilized vegetables consumed globally. Pot trials were conducted to characterize 15 morphologically distinct accessions of C. crepidioides and assess the effects of treatment combinations of eggshell, NPK 15:15:15, poultry manure and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus(Glomus mosseae) as soil amendments on growth and yield-related characters of C. crepidioides. Thereafter, 48 seedlings of the best performing accession were transplanted into perforated polythene bags filled with 7 kg of heat-sterilized soil. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatment combinations were incorporated into in the polythene bags 1 week after transplanting, while control plants received no amendments. The results showed that accession NH/GKB-15 had the highest plant height (29.83 cm), stem length (27.67 cm), number of leaves (15) and length of internode at node 3 (1.13 cm) and node 4 (1.17 cm). The growth and yield characters of this best performing accession (NH/GKB-15) in response to soil amendments showed that poultry manure produced the tallest plants (55.17 cm), longest and widest stems (48.35 and 0.66 cm), longest and widest leaves (16.39 and 6.26 cm, respectively), and higher number of inflorescence (2.13). With NPK 15:15:15 the seedlings did not survive. Poultry manure should therefore be utilized for better plant nutrition and faster growth of C. crepidioides seedlings as well as for safer consumption of the leafy vegetable.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2597
Author(s):  
Yukari Kuga ◽  
Ting-Di Wu ◽  
Naoya Sakamoto ◽  
Chie Katsuyama ◽  
Hisayoshi Yurimoto

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are obligate symbionts of land plants; furthermore, some of the species harbor endobacteria. Although the molecular approach increased our knowledge of the diversity and origin of the endosymbiosis and its metabolic possibilities, experiments to address the functions of the fungal host have been limited. In this study, a C flow of the fungus to the bacteria was investigated. Onion seedlings colonized with Gigaspora margarita, possessing Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum (CaGg, Gram-negative, resides in vacuole) and Candidatus Moeniiplasma glomeromycotorum (CaMg, Gram-positive, resides in the cytoplasm,) were labelled with 13CO2. The 13C localization within the mycorrhiza was analyzed using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Correlative TEM-SIMS analysis of the fungal cells revealed that the 13C/12C ratio of CaGg was the lowest among CaMg and mitochondria and was the highest in the cytoplasm. By contrast, the plant cells, mitochondria, plastids, and fungal cytoplasm, which are contributors to the host, showed significantly higher 13C enrichment than the host cytoplasm. The C allocation patterns implied that CaMg has a greater impact than CaGg on G. margarita, but both seemed to be less burdensome to the host fungus in terms of C cost.


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