scholarly journals Modeling the Effect of Density on the Growth of Loblolly Pine Trees

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Harold E. Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L. Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Response Variables

Abstract Data from a set of loblolly pine spacing trials that have reached 16 yr since establishment were used to evaluate the effect of spacing on loblolly pine tree growth and stand development. Mean responses for six variables were evaluated: height, dbh, crown ratio, crown length, crown width, and survival. All response variables were affected by density, with dbh being the most affected and height the least affected over the 16 yr period. The rectangularity, or shape, of the growing space was not a significant factor in the development of any of these response variables. Models were constructed to characterize the development of the six response variables extrapolated over typical plantation rotation lengths of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):124–133.

Spacing rectangularity effect on the growth of loblolly pine plantations

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Harold E Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Tree Data ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

The effect of spacing rectangularity on tree growth and stand development was evaluated using tree data obtained annually from a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing trial monitored through age 16 years. In this trial, plots with an initial planting density of 2240 trees/ha occur at slightly and highly rectangular spacings. Spacings with rectangularities 3:4 and 1:3 were used to evaluate the rectangularity effect. Survival and the development of height, diameter, volume per hectare, and basal area per hectare of loblolly pine trees were not affected by rectangularity. Diameter and height distributions were found to be a function of age but not a function of the rectangularity of initial spacing. Crown width, however, was affected by rectangularity. The crown width was larger at larger row or column distance than at smaller row or column distance, but the ratio of crown widths between and within rows was not equal to the rectangularity of the original planting spacing.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Growth of Azalea and Holly in Pine Bark and Pine Tree Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Alex X. Niemiera
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Delaware Valley ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Recent interest in the use of wood substrates in horticulture crop production has justified the need for determining fertilizer requirements in these substrates compared with traditional pine bark (PB) and peatmoss substrates. The objective was to determine the response of japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) and azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planck. ‘Delaware Valley’) grown in a pine tree substrate (PTS) (trade name WoodGro™) or milled PB to fertilizer rate. Pine tree substrate is produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) that are delimbed, chipped, and ground in a hammer mill to a desired particle size. Japanese holly plants were grown in 2.8-L containers in the fall of 2005 and again in the spring of 2007 with the addition of azalea. Plants grown in PTS or PB were fertilized by incorporating Osmocote Plus fertilizer (15N–3.9P–10K) at rates of 3.5, 5.9, 8.3 or 10.6 kg·m−3 for japanese holly and 1.2, 3.5, 5.9, or 8.3 kg·m−3 for azalea. After 3 months, shoot dry weights were determined for japanese holly and azalea. Japanese holly root dry weights were determined for both experiments, and substrate CO2 efflux (μmol CO2 m−2·s−1) was measured on the treatments at the end of the experiment using a LI-6400 soil CO2 flux chamber. In 2005, japanese holly shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to plants grown in PB at the 8.3 kg·m−3 fertility rate, and shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were higher than PB at the 10.6 kg·m−3 rate. In 2007, japanese holly and azalea shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to PB plants at the 5.9 kg·m−3 fertilizer rate. Both japanese holly and azalea achieved shoot growth in PTS comparable to shoot growth in PB with ≈2.4 kg·m−3 additional fertilizer for PTS. Substrate CO2 efflux rates were higher in PTS compared with PB indicating higher microbial activity, thereby increasing the potential for nutrient immobilization in PTS.

scholarly journals The Landscape Performance of Annual Bedding Plants Grown in Pine Tree Substrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Michael C. Barnes ◽  
Jake F. Browder
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the landscape performance of annual bedding plants grown in a ground pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) or in ground pine bark (PB) when transplanted into the landscape and grown at three different fertilizer rates. Begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum) ‘Cocktail Vodka’, coleus (Solenostemen scutellarioides) ‘Kingswood Torch’, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) ‘Dazzler White’, marigold (Tagetes erecta) ‘Bonanza Yellow’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrid) ‘Wave Purple’, salvia (Salvia splendens) ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca (Catharanthus roseus) ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2005, and begonia ‘Cocktail Whiskey’, marigold ‘Inca Gold’, salvia ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2006 and 2007. Landscape fertilizer rates were 1 lb/1000 ft2 nitrogen (N) in 2005 and 0, 1, and 2 lb/1000 ft2 N in 2006 and 2007. Visual observations throughout each year indicated that all species, whether grown in PTS or PB, had comparable foliage quality in the landscape trial beds during the growing period. With few exceptions, dry weight and plant size for all species increased with increasing fertilizer additions, regardless of the substrate in which the plants were grown. For the unfertilized treatment, when comparing plant dry weight between PB and PTS for each species and for each year (eight comparisons), PTS-grown plant dry weight was less than PB-grown plants in three out of the eight comparisons. However, there were fewer differences in plant dry weight between PTS- and PB-grown plants when fertilizer was applied (PTS-grown plants were smaller than PB-grown plants in only 2 of the 16 comparisons: four species, two fertilizer rates, and 2 years), indicating that N immobilization may be somewhat of an issue, but not to the extent expected. Therefore, the utilization of PTS as a substrate for the production of landscape annuals may be acceptable in the context of landscape performance.

scholarly journals Growth of Chrysanthemum in a Pine Tree Substrate Requires Additional Fertilizer

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
Joyce G. Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

A pine tree substrate (PTS), produced by grinding loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda), offers potential as a viable container substrate for greenhouse crops, but a better understanding of the fertilizer requirements for plant growth in PTS is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the comparative fertilizer requirements for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×grandiflora ‘Baton Rouge’) grown in PTS or a commercial peat-lite (PL) substrate. The PTS was prepared by grinding coarse (1-inch × 1-inch × 0.5-inch) pine chips from debarked loblolly pine logs in a hammer mill fitted with 3/16-inch screen. The PL substrate composed of 45% peat, 15% perlite, 15% vermiculite, and 25% bark was used for comparative purposes. Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted in each of the substrates on 15 Oct. 2005 and 12 Apr. 2006 and were glasshouse grown. Plants were fertilized with varying rates of a 20N–4.4P–16.6K-soluble fertilizer ranging from 50 to 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) with each irrigation. Plant dry weights and extractable substrate nutrient levels were determined. In 2005 and 2006, it required about 100 mg·L−1 N more fertilizer for PTS compared to PL to obtain comparable growth. At any particular fertilizer level, substrate electrical conductivity and nutrient levels were higher for PL compared to PTS accounting for the higher fertilizer requirements for PTS. Possible reasons for the lower substrate nutrients levels with PTS are increased nutrient leaching in PTS due to PTS being more porous and having a lower cation exchange capacity than PL, and increased microbial immobilization of N in PTS compared to PL. This research demonstrates that PTS can be used to grow a traditional greenhouse crop if attention is given to fertilizer requirements.

scholarly journals Relative resistance to breaking of Pinus taeda and Pinus palustris

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Garms ◽  
Thomas J Dean
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Crown Length

Abstract Patterns from hurricane damage indicate that longleaf pine is more windfirm than loblolly pine. Tree windfirmess has been attributed to many factors including species and material properties like wood strength and stiffness. Because longleaf pine wood is stronger and stiffer than loblolly pine wood, this study used static winching methodology to see if these properties account for differences in wind firmness by measuring bending force required to break stems (MMAX). Stress–strain diagrams were constructed for pulled trees to explore how they behave under increasing loads. Based on these diagrams, living trees appear to act as linear elastic materials as they experience increasing static lateral stress. As expected, longleaf pine stems were stiffer than loblolly pine wood in situ based on Young’s modulus of elasticity. Tree basal area was the best predictor of MMAX for both species, however, species had no significant effect on the maximum bending moment required to break tree stems of a given basal area for these trees under these conditions. The stiffness of the stems was higher for longleaf than loblolly as indicated by the modulus of elasticity, but the strength of the stems as indicated by the modulus of rupture was not significantly different between the species. Differences in the volumetric density of foliage, however, were consistent with the observed differences in stem failure between the species. For trees with the same diameter, loblolly pine had higher values of leaf area per unit crown length than longleaf pine.

scholarly journals Container Medium pH in a Pine Tree Substrate Amended with Peatmoss and Dolomitic Limestone Affects Plant Growth

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1983-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Nazim Gruda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Plastic Containers

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of limestone additions to pine tree substrate (PTS) and PTS amended with peatmoss on pH and plant growth. ‘Inca Gold’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and ‘Rocky Mountain White’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) were grown in three PTSs—100% PTS, PTS plus 25% peatmoss (v/v), and PTS plus 50% peatmoss (v/v)—made from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) chipped and hammermilled through a 4.76-mm screen and a peatmoss/perlite (4:1 v/v; PL) control. Each substrate was amended with various rates of dolomitic limestone and used to grow marigolds in 10-cm square (l-L) plastic containers and geraniums in round 15-cm (1.25-L) plastic containers in a glasshouse. Regardless of limestone rate, pH was highest in 100% PTS and decreased with peat additions with PL having the lowest pH. As percent peat increased from 25% to 50%, more limestone was required to adjust pH to a particular level showing that PTS is more weakly buffered against pH change than peatmoss. Adding limestone did not increase the growth of marigold in 100% PTS, but additions of limestone did increase growth of marigold when grown in PTS containing peatmoss or in PL. Geranium growth was higher in PTS containing peatmoss (25% or 50%) and PL than in 100% PTS at all limestone rates. This research demonstrates that PTS produced from freshly harvested pine trees has an inherently higher pH than PL, and the additions of peatmoss to PTS require pH adjustment of the substrate for optimal plant growth.

Effects of Compost on Loblolly Pine Tree Growth In Northeast Texas

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Troy Stuckey ◽  
Paul F. Hudak
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pine Tree

scholarly journals The current growth increment of pine tree stands comprising three different age classes

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kaźmierczak
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Growth Space ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Abstract The study presents the results of an analysis of the pine tree growth increments (height increment, dbh increment, basal area increment and volume increment) for a 5-year period. The study involved Scots pine trees of Kraft’s class 1, 2 and 3 (dominant stand) in stands of different age classes (II, III, V) growing in fresh mixed coniferous (BMśw) and fresh coniferous (Bśw) forest habitats. The multivariate analysis of variance was performed to assess the statistical significance of age and dominance of trees within a stand on their increment. The dominance position was classified for each tree using Kraft’s criteria. The following characteristic were also measured: dbh of the trunk in two directions (N-S and W-E), and crown projection area on the basis of the characteristic tree crown points, projected using of a crown projector, characteristic points in tree crowns (7 to 14 on average). The actual height was determined after trees were felled. The following measurements of the single tree growing space were selected and determined: crown projection area - pk (m2), crown diameter - dk (m), Seebach’s growth space number - dk / d1.3, crown projection area to basal area ratio d 2 k / d 2 1.3, crown deflection coefficient dk / h, single tree space ppd = pk·h (m3). We assessed the strength of the relationships between tree growth parameters and tree growth space, crown length, relative crown length and slenderness. Both the age and dominance position of trees within the stand affected the growth increments. The strongest correlation among measured traits was between the 5-year volume increment and decreasing slenderness.

scholarly journals Pine Tree Substrate, Nitrogen Rate, Particle Size, and Peat Amendment Affect Poinsettia Growth and Substrate Physical Properties

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2155-2161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Michael C. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

‘Prestige’ poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch) were grown at different fertilizer rates in three pine tree substrates (PTS) made from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) and a peat-based control. Pine tree substrates were produced from pine trees that were chipped and hammer-milled to a desired particle size. Substrates used in this study included peat-lite (PL), PTS produced with a 2.38-mm screen (PTS1), PTS produced with a 4.76-mm screen (PTS2), and PTS produced with a 4.76-mm screen and amended with 25% peatmoss (v/v) (PTS3). Initial and final substrate physical properties and substrate shrinkage were determined to evaluate changes over the production period. Poinsettias were grown in 1.7-L containers in the fall of 2007 and fertilized at each irrigation with 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). Shoot dry weight and growth index were higher in PL at 100 mg·L−1 N but similar for all substrates at 300 mg·L−1 N. Bract length was generally the same or longer in all PTS-grown plants compared with plants grown in PL at each fertilizer rate. Postproduction time to wilting was the same for poinsettias grown in PL, PTS1, and PTS3. Initial and final air space was higher in all PTSs compared with PL and container capacity (CC) of PTS1 was equal to PL initially and at the end of the experiment. The initial and final CC of PTS2 was lower than PL. The incorporation of 25% peat (PTS3) increased shoot dry weight and bract length at lower fertilizer rates compared with 4.76 mm PTS alone (PTS2). Substrate shrinkage was not different between PL and PTS1 but greater than shrinkage with the coarser PTS2. This study demonstrates that poinsettia can be successfully grown in a PTS with small particles (2.38-mm screen) or a PTS with large particles (4.76-mm screen) when amended with 25% peatmoss, which results in physical properties (CC and air space) similar to those of PL.

Crown development in red pine stands. I. Absolute and relative growth measures

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Shape Ratio

The crown development of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantations originating from different initial spacings was studied between 13 and 33 years of age. First, the effect of spacing on models used to predict crown width and crown ratio from diameter at breast height (DBH) and height was examined. Models for trees of different ages that included all the spacings were found to predict crown growth measures as well as separate models derived for each spacing. Second, the following crown relative growth measures were studied: crown width/crown length (crown shape ratio), crown surface/crown volume, and foliage biomass/crown volume. The way such measures changed over time under different initial spacings was studied; these findings were compared with changes in relative growth rate (RGR), which can be used to evaluate the effect of competitive stress. Crown shape ratio decreased with an increase in DBH in the absence of severe competition, and increased with DBH under severe competitive stress. The other two crown relative growth measures were always negatively correlated with DBH; this shows that large trees use their aerial growing space less efficiently than small trees at all stages of stand development. Only crown shape ratio changed in the same way as RGR.

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