scholarly journals Growth of Chrysanthemum in a Pine Tree Substrate Requires Additional Fertilizer

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
Joyce G. Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

A pine tree substrate (PTS), produced by grinding loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda), offers potential as a viable container substrate for greenhouse crops, but a better understanding of the fertilizer requirements for plant growth in PTS is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the comparative fertilizer requirements for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×grandiflora ‘Baton Rouge’) grown in PTS or a commercial peat-lite (PL) substrate. The PTS was prepared by grinding coarse (1-inch × 1-inch × 0.5-inch) pine chips from debarked loblolly pine logs in a hammer mill fitted with 3/16-inch screen. The PL substrate composed of 45% peat, 15% perlite, 15% vermiculite, and 25% bark was used for comparative purposes. Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted in each of the substrates on 15 Oct. 2005 and 12 Apr. 2006 and were glasshouse grown. Plants were fertilized with varying rates of a 20N–4.4P–16.6K-soluble fertilizer ranging from 50 to 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) with each irrigation. Plant dry weights and extractable substrate nutrient levels were determined. In 2005 and 2006, it required about 100 mg·L−1 N more fertilizer for PTS compared to PL to obtain comparable growth. At any particular fertilizer level, substrate electrical conductivity and nutrient levels were higher for PL compared to PTS accounting for the higher fertilizer requirements for PTS. Possible reasons for the lower substrate nutrients levels with PTS are increased nutrient leaching in PTS due to PTS being more porous and having a lower cation exchange capacity than PL, and increased microbial immobilization of N in PTS compared to PL. This research demonstrates that PTS can be used to grow a traditional greenhouse crop if attention is given to fertilizer requirements.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Growth of Azalea and Holly in Pine Bark and Pine Tree Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Alex X. Niemiera
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Delaware Valley ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Recent interest in the use of wood substrates in horticulture crop production has justified the need for determining fertilizer requirements in these substrates compared with traditional pine bark (PB) and peatmoss substrates. The objective was to determine the response of japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) and azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planck. ‘Delaware Valley’) grown in a pine tree substrate (PTS) (trade name WoodGro™) or milled PB to fertilizer rate. Pine tree substrate is produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) that are delimbed, chipped, and ground in a hammer mill to a desired particle size. Japanese holly plants were grown in 2.8-L containers in the fall of 2005 and again in the spring of 2007 with the addition of azalea. Plants grown in PTS or PB were fertilized by incorporating Osmocote Plus fertilizer (15N–3.9P–10K) at rates of 3.5, 5.9, 8.3 or 10.6 kg·m−3 for japanese holly and 1.2, 3.5, 5.9, or 8.3 kg·m−3 for azalea. After 3 months, shoot dry weights were determined for japanese holly and azalea. Japanese holly root dry weights were determined for both experiments, and substrate CO2 efflux (μmol CO2 m−2·s−1) was measured on the treatments at the end of the experiment using a LI-6400 soil CO2 flux chamber. In 2005, japanese holly shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to plants grown in PB at the 8.3 kg·m−3 fertility rate, and shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were higher than PB at the 10.6 kg·m−3 rate. In 2007, japanese holly and azalea shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to PB plants at the 5.9 kg·m−3 fertilizer rate. Both japanese holly and azalea achieved shoot growth in PTS comparable to shoot growth in PB with ≈2.4 kg·m−3 additional fertilizer for PTS. Substrate CO2 efflux rates were higher in PTS compared with PB indicating higher microbial activity, thereby increasing the potential for nutrient immobilization in PTS.

scholarly journals Container Medium pH in a Pine Tree Substrate Amended with Peatmoss and Dolomitic Limestone Affects Plant Growth

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1983-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Nazim Gruda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Plastic Containers

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of limestone additions to pine tree substrate (PTS) and PTS amended with peatmoss on pH and plant growth. ‘Inca Gold’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and ‘Rocky Mountain White’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) were grown in three PTSs—100% PTS, PTS plus 25% peatmoss (v/v), and PTS plus 50% peatmoss (v/v)—made from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) chipped and hammermilled through a 4.76-mm screen and a peatmoss/perlite (4:1 v/v; PL) control. Each substrate was amended with various rates of dolomitic limestone and used to grow marigolds in 10-cm square (l-L) plastic containers and geraniums in round 15-cm (1.25-L) plastic containers in a glasshouse. Regardless of limestone rate, pH was highest in 100% PTS and decreased with peat additions with PL having the lowest pH. As percent peat increased from 25% to 50%, more limestone was required to adjust pH to a particular level showing that PTS is more weakly buffered against pH change than peatmoss. Adding limestone did not increase the growth of marigold in 100% PTS, but additions of limestone did increase growth of marigold when grown in PTS containing peatmoss or in PL. Geranium growth was higher in PTS containing peatmoss (25% or 50%) and PL than in 100% PTS at all limestone rates. This research demonstrates that PTS produced from freshly harvested pine trees has an inherently higher pH than PL, and the additions of peatmoss to PTS require pH adjustment of the substrate for optimal plant growth.

scholarly journals HORTICULTURAL PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF JUVENILE LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA L.), A SOUTHERN FOREST SPECIES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 607e-607
Author(s):  
Farrell C. Wise ◽  
Laura L. Greenwood ◽  
D. Bradley Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Overwintering Survival ◽  
Primary Root Length

Clonal propagation of recalcitrant conifers like loblolly pine depends on producing juvenile cuttings on hedges sheared several times annually. Although dormant cuttings root well, it will be economically important to also root softwood shoots produced between shearings. Several variables were therefore evaluated in a factorial experiment to enhance rooting and handling of summer cuttings. Rooting percentages were equivalent for 3 media after a 5-week hardening period (56% overall), but open flats of 1 perlite:1 vermiculite induced larger root systems at the end of rooting and hardening phases. Extending the rooting period from 10 to 14 weeks increased rooting from about 45% to 58% by the end of hardening. Primary root length per cutting increased 12-63% during hardening, depending on medium. After transplanting, overwintering survival was 98%. Foam rooting wedges produced smallest root systems, and resulting plants were consistently shortest through the following growing season. Weekly applications of soluble fertilizer during the last 6 weeks of rooting did not improve rooting or subsequent growth

scholarly journals WholeTree Substrates Derived from Three Species of Pine in Production of Annual Vinca

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Pine Trees

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for use of container substrates composed of processed whole pine trees (WholeTree). Three species [loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)] of 8- to 10-year-old pine trees were harvested at ground level and the entire tree was chipped with a tree chipper. Chips from each tree species were processed with a hammer mill to pass through a 0.374-inch screen. On 29 June 2005 1-gal containers were filled with substrates, placed into full sun under overhead irrigation, and planted with a single liner (63.4 cm3) of ‘Little Blanche’ annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus). The test was repeated on 27 Aug. 2005 with ‘Raspberry Red Cooler’ annual vinca. Pine bark substrate had about 50% less air space and 32% greater water holding capacity than the other substrates. At 54 days after potting (DAP), shoot dry weights were 15% greater for plants grown in 100% pine bark substrate compared with plants grown in the three WholeTree substrates. However, there were no differences in plant growth indices for any substrate at 54 DAP. Plant tissue macronutrient content was similar among all substrates. Tissue micronutrient content was similar and within sufficiency ranges with the exception of manganese. Manganese was highest for substrates made from slash pine and loblolly pine. Root growth was similar among all treatments. Results from the second study were similar. Based on these results, WholeTree substrates derived from loblolly pine, slash pine, or longleaf pine have potential as an alternative, sustainable source for producing short-term horticultural crops.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDIA COMPOSED OF GROUND WHOLE PINE TREES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VINCA (CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS) GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 510B-510
Author(s):  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Pine Trees

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of container substrates composed of whole pine trees. Three species [loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)] of 8–10 year old pine trees were harvested at ground level and the entire tree was chipped with a tree chipper. The chips from each tree species were then further processed with a hammer mill to pass a ½-inch screen. On 29 June 2005 these three substrates along with 100% pinebark were mixed with the addition per cubic yard of 9.49 kg·m–3 Polyon 18–6–12 (18N–2.6P–10K), 2.97 kg·m–3 dolomitic lime and 0.89 kg·m–3 Micromax. One gallon (3.8 L) containers were then filled and placed into full sun under overhead irrigation. Into these containers were planted 72 cell plugs of Catharanthus roseus`Little Blanche'. Data collected were pre-plant chemical and physical properties of substrates, as well as plant growth index (GI), plant top dry weight, root ratings, and plant tissue (leaves) nutrient analysis at 60 days after planting (DAP). The test was repeated on 27 Aug. 2005 with C. roseus Raspberry Red Cooler. Top dry weights were on average 15% greater for the 100% pinebark substrate over all others at 60 DAP. However there were non differences in plant GI for any substrate at 60 DAP. There were no differences in plant tissue macro nutrient content for any substrate. Tissue micronutrient content was similar and within ranges reported by Mills and Jones (1996, Plant Analysis Handbook II) with the exception of Manganese. Manganese was highest for slash and loblolly pine and well over reported ranges. There were no differences in root ratings. There were no differences in substrate physical properties between the three whole tree substrates. However the 100% pinebark substrate had on average 50% less air space and 25% greater water holding capacity than the other substrates. Physical properties of all substrates were within recommended ranges. Based on the results of this study substrates composed of whole pine trees have potential as an alternative sustainable source for a substrate used in producing short term nursery crops.

scholarly journals WholeTree Substrate and Fertilizer Rate in Production of Greenhouse-grown Petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.) and Marigold (Tagetes patula L.)

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer ◽  
Anthony L. Witcher
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Starter Fertilizer ◽  
Industry Standard

A substrate component (WholeTree) made from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was evaluated along with starter fertilizer rate in the production of greenhouse-grown petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Dreams Purple’) and marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Hero Spry’). Loblolly pine from a 12-year-old plantation were harvested at ground level, chipped, and further processed through a hammer mill to pass a 0.64-cm screen. The resulting WholeTree (WT) substrate was used alone or combined with 20% (WTP2) or 50% (WTP5) (by volume) Canadian sphagnum peatmoss and compared with an industry standard peat-lite (PL) mix of 8 peatmoss : 1 vermiculite : 1 perlite (by volume). Substrates were amended with 1.78 kg·m−3 dolomitic lime, 0.59 kg·m−3 gypsum [CaSO4-2(H2O)], 0.44 kg·m−3 Micromax, 1.78 kg·m−3 16N–2.6P–9.9K (3- to 4-month release), and 1.78 kg·m−3 16N–2.6P–10.8K (5- to 6-month release). A 7N–1.3P–8.3K starter fertilizer (SF) was added to each substrate at 0.0, 1.19, 2.37, or 3.56 kg·m−3. Container capacity (CC) was greatest for PL and decreased as the percentage of peatmoss in the substrate decreased with WT having 35% less CC than PL. Conversely, air space (AS) was greatest for the WT and decreased as percentage of peatmoss increased with PL containing 33% less AS than WT. In general, petunia dry weight was greatest for any substrate containing peatmoss with a SF rate of 2.37 kg·m−3 or greater. The exception was that petunia grown in WT at 3.56 kg·m−3 SF had similar dry weight as all other treatments. Marigold dry weight was similar for all substrates where at least 2.37 kg·m−3 SF was used.

Green and Dry-Weight Equations for Above-ground Components of Planted Loblolly Pine Trees in the West Gulf Region

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
The West ◽  
Biomass Equations ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Prediction equations based on 130 sample trees from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in central Louisiana are presented for the green and dry weights of aboveground tree components. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 21 in. dbh, 18 to 94 ft in height and from 9 to 55 yr in age. Significant differences in partial stem weight between trees from thinned and unthinned stands required development of separate sets of weight ratio equations. The range of the studies' observations increases the predictive applicability of planted loblolly pine biomass equations. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):212-218.

scholarly journals Volume and Taper Equations for Thinned and Unthinned Loblolly Pine Trees in Cutover, Site-Prepared Plantations

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudaye Tasissa ◽  
Harold E. Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L. Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Taper Equations ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Stem analysis data from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in cutover, site-prepared plantations across the South were used to develop total and merchantable cubic-foot volume equations and implicit taper relationships for thinned and unthinned conditions. The data were obtained from trees felled during plot establishment for a thinning study and from trees felled during the second thinning of a portion of the same plots 12 yr later. The volume equations presented can be used to predict volume to any specified height or diameter limit for loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned stands on cutover site-prepared areas. The taper relationships enable the prediction of upper stem diameters and heights. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):146-152.

scholarly journals The Landscape Performance of Annual Bedding Plants Grown in Pine Tree Substrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Michael C. Barnes ◽  
Jake F. Browder
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the landscape performance of annual bedding plants grown in a ground pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) or in ground pine bark (PB) when transplanted into the landscape and grown at three different fertilizer rates. Begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum) ‘Cocktail Vodka’, coleus (Solenostemen scutellarioides) ‘Kingswood Torch’, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) ‘Dazzler White’, marigold (Tagetes erecta) ‘Bonanza Yellow’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrid) ‘Wave Purple’, salvia (Salvia splendens) ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca (Catharanthus roseus) ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2005, and begonia ‘Cocktail Whiskey’, marigold ‘Inca Gold’, salvia ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2006 and 2007. Landscape fertilizer rates were 1 lb/1000 ft2 nitrogen (N) in 2005 and 0, 1, and 2 lb/1000 ft2 N in 2006 and 2007. Visual observations throughout each year indicated that all species, whether grown in PTS or PB, had comparable foliage quality in the landscape trial beds during the growing period. With few exceptions, dry weight and plant size for all species increased with increasing fertilizer additions, regardless of the substrate in which the plants were grown. For the unfertilized treatment, when comparing plant dry weight between PB and PTS for each species and for each year (eight comparisons), PTS-grown plant dry weight was less than PB-grown plants in three out of the eight comparisons. However, there were fewer differences in plant dry weight between PTS- and PB-grown plants when fertilizer was applied (PTS-grown plants were smaller than PB-grown plants in only 2 of the 16 comparisons: four species, two fertilizer rates, and 2 years), indicating that N immobilization may be somewhat of an issue, but not to the extent expected. Therefore, the utilization of PTS as a substrate for the production of landscape annuals may be acceptable in the context of landscape performance.

Tree Profile and Volume Ratio Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees on Cutover Site-Prepared Lands

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia R. Ledbetter ◽  
Thomas G. Matney ◽  
Alfred D. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Equations are presented for predicting the height and cubic foot volume (ib or ob) to any top diameter limit (ib or ob) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown on cutover site-prepared lands. Example applications of the equations are given. South. J. Appl. For. 10:241-244, Nov. 1986.

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