scholarly journals The Landscape Performance of Annual Bedding Plants Grown in Pine Tree Substrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Michael C. Barnes ◽  
Jake F. Browder
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the landscape performance of annual bedding plants grown in a ground pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) or in ground pine bark (PB) when transplanted into the landscape and grown at three different fertilizer rates. Begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum) ‘Cocktail Vodka’, coleus (Solenostemen scutellarioides) ‘Kingswood Torch’, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) ‘Dazzler White’, marigold (Tagetes erecta) ‘Bonanza Yellow’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrid) ‘Wave Purple’, salvia (Salvia splendens) ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca (Catharanthus roseus) ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2005, and begonia ‘Cocktail Whiskey’, marigold ‘Inca Gold’, salvia ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2006 and 2007. Landscape fertilizer rates were 1 lb/1000 ft2 nitrogen (N) in 2005 and 0, 1, and 2 lb/1000 ft2 N in 2006 and 2007. Visual observations throughout each year indicated that all species, whether grown in PTS or PB, had comparable foliage quality in the landscape trial beds during the growing period. With few exceptions, dry weight and plant size for all species increased with increasing fertilizer additions, regardless of the substrate in which the plants were grown. For the unfertilized treatment, when comparing plant dry weight between PB and PTS for each species and for each year (eight comparisons), PTS-grown plant dry weight was less than PB-grown plants in three out of the eight comparisons. However, there were fewer differences in plant dry weight between PTS- and PB-grown plants when fertilizer was applied (PTS-grown plants were smaller than PB-grown plants in only 2 of the 16 comparisons: four species, two fertilizer rates, and 2 years), indicating that N immobilization may be somewhat of an issue, but not to the extent expected. Therefore, the utilization of PTS as a substrate for the production of landscape annuals may be acceptable in the context of landscape performance.

scholarly journals Pine Tree Substrate, Nitrogen Rate, Particle Size, and Peat Amendment Affect Poinsettia Growth and Substrate Physical Properties

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2155-2161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Michael C. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

‘Prestige’ poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch) were grown at different fertilizer rates in three pine tree substrates (PTS) made from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) and a peat-based control. Pine tree substrates were produced from pine trees that were chipped and hammer-milled to a desired particle size. Substrates used in this study included peat-lite (PL), PTS produced with a 2.38-mm screen (PTS1), PTS produced with a 4.76-mm screen (PTS2), and PTS produced with a 4.76-mm screen and amended with 25% peatmoss (v/v) (PTS3). Initial and final substrate physical properties and substrate shrinkage were determined to evaluate changes over the production period. Poinsettias were grown in 1.7-L containers in the fall of 2007 and fertilized at each irrigation with 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). Shoot dry weight and growth index were higher in PL at 100 mg·L−1 N but similar for all substrates at 300 mg·L−1 N. Bract length was generally the same or longer in all PTS-grown plants compared with plants grown in PL at each fertilizer rate. Postproduction time to wilting was the same for poinsettias grown in PL, PTS1, and PTS3. Initial and final air space was higher in all PTSs compared with PL and container capacity (CC) of PTS1 was equal to PL initially and at the end of the experiment. The initial and final CC of PTS2 was lower than PL. The incorporation of 25% peat (PTS3) increased shoot dry weight and bract length at lower fertilizer rates compared with 4.76 mm PTS alone (PTS2). Substrate shrinkage was not different between PL and PTS1 but greater than shrinkage with the coarser PTS2. This study demonstrates that poinsettia can be successfully grown in a PTS with small particles (2.38-mm screen) or a PTS with large particles (4.76-mm screen) when amended with 25% peatmoss, which results in physical properties (CC and air space) similar to those of PL.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Concentration and Substrate Moisture Status Impact Efficacy of Liner Dips for Size Control of Three Bedding Plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Schnelle ◽  
James E. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Substrate Moisture ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Container Capacity

The influence of several environmental and cultural factors on the efficacy of paclobutrazol liner dips were evaluated for three species of bedding plants: ‘Fancy’ scaevola (Scaevola aemula), ‘Suncatcher Plum’ petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and ‘Double Fiesta Rose’ impatiens (Impatiens walleriana). The impact of paclobutrazol concentration in the dip solution, location of treatment, root substrate moisture status, and time in the dip solution were investigated. Before the liner dip application, the rooting substrate was brought to a specific percentage of container water capacity (20%–100%). Liners were then dipped in a paclobutrazol solution of the prescribed concentration (1–16 mg·L−1) for a prescribed time interval (10–300 s) in a specific location (open-wall greenhouse, polyethylene-glazed greenhouse under 80% shade fabric, three-wall potting shed, or building interior). Plant size data were collected when the untreated control plants reached a marketable stage. Paclobutrazol concentration and root substrate moisture status had a significant effect on size control, but location and dip duration did not. Size suppression varied by species. Following a liner dip at 2 mg·L−1, scaevola, impatiens, and petunia plants were 44%, 26%, and 11% smaller than the untreated controls, respectively. Petunia plants dipped in a 8 mg·L−1 paclobutrazol solution with substrate moisture status of 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 50%, or 20% of container capacity were 11%, 8%, 25%, 30%, 41%, or 42% smaller than the untreated control, respectively (30 s dip duration, open-wall greenhouse). Petunia plants dipped in a solution of 8 mg·L−1 paclobutrazol for 10, 30, 120, or 300 s were all between 18% and 23% smaller than the control (50% of container capacity, open-wall greenhouse). Petunia plants dipped in an 8 mg·L−1 paclobutrazol solution in all four locations were all 20% to 21% smaller than the untreated control.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Growth of Azalea and Holly in Pine Bark and Pine Tree Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Alex X. Niemiera
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Delaware Valley ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Recent interest in the use of wood substrates in horticulture crop production has justified the need for determining fertilizer requirements in these substrates compared with traditional pine bark (PB) and peatmoss substrates. The objective was to determine the response of japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) and azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planck. ‘Delaware Valley’) grown in a pine tree substrate (PTS) (trade name WoodGro™) or milled PB to fertilizer rate. Pine tree substrate is produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) that are delimbed, chipped, and ground in a hammer mill to a desired particle size. Japanese holly plants were grown in 2.8-L containers in the fall of 2005 and again in the spring of 2007 with the addition of azalea. Plants grown in PTS or PB were fertilized by incorporating Osmocote Plus fertilizer (15N–3.9P–10K) at rates of 3.5, 5.9, 8.3 or 10.6 kg·m−3 for japanese holly and 1.2, 3.5, 5.9, or 8.3 kg·m−3 for azalea. After 3 months, shoot dry weights were determined for japanese holly and azalea. Japanese holly root dry weights were determined for both experiments, and substrate CO2 efflux (μmol CO2 m−2·s−1) was measured on the treatments at the end of the experiment using a LI-6400 soil CO2 flux chamber. In 2005, japanese holly shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to plants grown in PB at the 8.3 kg·m−3 fertility rate, and shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were higher than PB at the 10.6 kg·m−3 rate. In 2007, japanese holly and azalea shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to PB plants at the 5.9 kg·m−3 fertilizer rate. Both japanese holly and azalea achieved shoot growth in PTS comparable to shoot growth in PB with ≈2.4 kg·m−3 additional fertilizer for PTS. Substrate CO2 efflux rates were higher in PTS compared with PB indicating higher microbial activity, thereby increasing the potential for nutrient immobilization in PTS.

Green and Dry-Weight Equations for Above-ground Components of Planted Loblolly Pine Trees in the West Gulf Region

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
The West ◽  
Biomass Equations ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Prediction equations based on 130 sample trees from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in central Louisiana are presented for the green and dry weights of aboveground tree components. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 21 in. dbh, 18 to 94 ft in height and from 9 to 55 yr in age. Significant differences in partial stem weight between trees from thinned and unthinned stands required development of separate sets of weight ratio equations. The range of the studies' observations increases the predictive applicability of planted loblolly pine biomass equations. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):212-218.

scholarly journals Growth of Chrysanthemum in a Pine Tree Substrate Requires Additional Fertilizer

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
Joyce G. Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

A pine tree substrate (PTS), produced by grinding loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda), offers potential as a viable container substrate for greenhouse crops, but a better understanding of the fertilizer requirements for plant growth in PTS is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the comparative fertilizer requirements for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×grandiflora ‘Baton Rouge’) grown in PTS or a commercial peat-lite (PL) substrate. The PTS was prepared by grinding coarse (1-inch × 1-inch × 0.5-inch) pine chips from debarked loblolly pine logs in a hammer mill fitted with 3/16-inch screen. The PL substrate composed of 45% peat, 15% perlite, 15% vermiculite, and 25% bark was used for comparative purposes. Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted in each of the substrates on 15 Oct. 2005 and 12 Apr. 2006 and were glasshouse grown. Plants were fertilized with varying rates of a 20N–4.4P–16.6K-soluble fertilizer ranging from 50 to 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) with each irrigation. Plant dry weights and extractable substrate nutrient levels were determined. In 2005 and 2006, it required about 100 mg·L−1 N more fertilizer for PTS compared to PL to obtain comparable growth. At any particular fertilizer level, substrate electrical conductivity and nutrient levels were higher for PL compared to PTS accounting for the higher fertilizer requirements for PTS. Possible reasons for the lower substrate nutrients levels with PTS are increased nutrient leaching in PTS due to PTS being more porous and having a lower cation exchange capacity than PL, and increased microbial immobilization of N in PTS compared to PL. This research demonstrates that PTS can be used to grow a traditional greenhouse crop if attention is given to fertilizer requirements.

scholarly journals Container Medium pH in a Pine Tree Substrate Amended with Peatmoss and Dolomitic Limestone Affects Plant Growth

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1983-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Nazim Gruda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Plastic Containers

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of limestone additions to pine tree substrate (PTS) and PTS amended with peatmoss on pH and plant growth. ‘Inca Gold’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and ‘Rocky Mountain White’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) were grown in three PTSs—100% PTS, PTS plus 25% peatmoss (v/v), and PTS plus 50% peatmoss (v/v)—made from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) chipped and hammermilled through a 4.76-mm screen and a peatmoss/perlite (4:1 v/v; PL) control. Each substrate was amended with various rates of dolomitic limestone and used to grow marigolds in 10-cm square (l-L) plastic containers and geraniums in round 15-cm (1.25-L) plastic containers in a glasshouse. Regardless of limestone rate, pH was highest in 100% PTS and decreased with peat additions with PL having the lowest pH. As percent peat increased from 25% to 50%, more limestone was required to adjust pH to a particular level showing that PTS is more weakly buffered against pH change than peatmoss. Adding limestone did not increase the growth of marigold in 100% PTS, but additions of limestone did increase growth of marigold when grown in PTS containing peatmoss or in PL. Geranium growth was higher in PTS containing peatmoss (25% or 50%) and PL than in 100% PTS at all limestone rates. This research demonstrates that PTS produced from freshly harvested pine trees has an inherently higher pH than PL, and the additions of peatmoss to PTS require pH adjustment of the substrate for optimal plant growth.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Selected Bedding Plants to Four Herbicides in Irrigation Water

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn A. Gettys ◽  
William T. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Weight Data

‘Cocktail Whiskey’ begonia (Begonia semperflorens), ‘Sun Devil Extreme’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus), ‘Million Gold’ melampodium (Melampodium paludosum), and ‘Super Elfin’ impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) plants were irrigated with water treated with quinclorac, topramezone, imazamox, and penoxsulam to identify herbicide concentrations that cause phytotoxic effects. Plants were irrigated four times over a 10-day period with the equivalent of 0.5 inch of treated water during each irrigation and were then irrigated with tap water until they were harvested 28 days after the first herbicide treatment. Visual quality and dry weight data revealed that melampodium was the most sensitive of the bedding plants to quinclorac, imazamox, and penoxsulam, whereas vinca was the most sensitive species to topramezone. Noticeable reductions in visual quality and dry weight of melampodium were evident after exposure to 240, 580, and 10 ppb of quinclorac, imazamox, and penoxsulam, respectively, while dry weight of vinca was reduced after exposure to 110 ppb of topramezone. Current irrigation restrictions on imazamox, penoxsulam, and topramezone are adequate to minimize damage to these bedding plants if herbicide-treated waters are used for four irrigation events. However, irrigation restrictions should be established for quinclorac to prevent damage to sensitive bedding plants such as melampodium.

A leaf area – sapwood area ratio developed to rate loblolly pine tree vigor

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Blanche ◽  
J. D. Hodges ◽  
T. E. Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Stem cross-sectional sapwood area was linearly related to leaf area in loblolly pine. A better relationship was obtained using cross-sectional sapwood area taken at crown base than at breast height. The relationship was affected by time of sampling, with time of maximum needle biomass giving the best correlation. Specific leaf area (area in square centimetres per gram dry weight) was variable, but the mean of 95.32 cm2/g is comparable to reported values for other species. The leaf area – sapwood area ratio at breast height varies only slightly among individual trees so that a mean ratio of 0.29 can be utilized to accurately predict leaf area. The ratio between curent-year or previous-year sapwood production and leaf area (grams per square metre of foliage) was used as an indicator of tree vigor. Tree vigor values varied greatly (21 – 180 g/m2), but were normally distributed within this range.

scholarly journals Root Restriction Effects on Growth and Development of Salvia (Salvia splendens)

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1186-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Salvia Splendens ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Root Restriction

Container size can affect the growth and development of bedding plants. The effects of widely differing container sizes on growth and development of salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult.) were quantified. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in 7.3-, 55-, 166-, and 510-mL containers. Container volume affected plant growth as early as 18 days after planting. Growth was positively correlated with pot size and differences increased throughout most of the growing period. Growth of the plants in the 7.3-mL cells was reduced because of a low net assimilation rate (4.34 g·m-2·d-1), compared to the plants in the 55-, 166-, and 510-mL pots (≈5.44 g·m-2·d-1). Plants in 510-mL containers grew faster than those in 55- and 166-mL containers because of a higher leaf area ratio. Both lateral branching and leaf expansion were suppressed by root restriction and flowering was delayed. The growth rate of plants in 166-mL pots declined after the onset of flowering, and final plant size was comparable for plants in 55- and 166-mL pots. Although water deficit stress or nutrient deficiencies cannot be excluded as contributing factors, these were probably not the main reason for observed differences.

scholarly journals A Comparison of WholeTree and Chipped Pine Log Substrate Components in the Production of Greenhouse Grown Annuals

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Whitney G. Gaches ◽  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Donald J. Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract WholeTree (WT) and chipped pine logs (CPL) are potential new sustainable greenhouse substrate components made by milling chipped pine trees and/or pine logs (Pinus taeda L.). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth of Catharanthus roseus L. ‘Grape Cooler’ and Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. ‘Dazzler Apricot’ in 1:1 (v:v) WT:peat (WTP) and 1:1 (v:v) CPL:peat (CPLP), and to compare physical properties of those substrates. In Experiment 1 WTP had 76.8% container capacity (CC) and 96.4% total porosity (TP) while CPLP had 72.4% CC and 90% TP; air space (AS) and bulk density (BD) were similar. In Experiment 2 there were no differences in physical properties. In Experiment 1 EC peaked at 14 days after potting (DAP) and decreased through the remainder of the study. At 0 DAP pH ranged from 4.2–4.3 and increased to a range of 6.4 to 6.8 at 42 DAP. This trend was similar in Experiment 2, except that EC peaked at 7 DAP. In impatiens, plants were similar in Experiment 1 but those grown in WTP in Experiment 2 had bloom counts of 37.3 compared to 27.9 for plants grown in CPLP. With vinca, in Experiment 1 plants grown in CPLP had a dry weight of 7.3 g as compared to 6.9 g for plants grown in WTP, but there were no differences in Experiment 2. Results indicate that growers could use CPL and/or WT interchangeably, depending on available resources.

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