0554 Insomnia Disorder Predicts Stressful Life Events in Individuals Who Have Recently Experienced Involuntary Job Loss

Abstract Introduction The stress generation hypothesis posits that depressed (versus non-depressed) individuals generate more stressful life events, especially events for which they are at least partly responsible (i.e., dependent events). Insomnia disorder interferes with emotion regulation, potentially leading to impaired decision-making and increased stress generation. We hypothesized that insomnia disorder would lead to an increased number of stressful life events in our sample of adults who have recently experienced involuntary job loss. Methods Assessing Daily Activity Patterns through Occupational Transitions is a longitudinal study examining linkages between job-loss, sleep, obesity, and mental health. We used baseline and 3-month follow-up data from 137 participants who completed the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule, a contextual life event measure. Insomnia disorder was coded yes if participants met ICSD-3 criteria for a current chronic or acute insomnia disorder on the Duke Structured Interview for Sleep Disorders. Covariates included age, gender, and race. Linear and logistic regression were employed to assess changes in number of events over time. Secondary analysis examined the relationship between insomnia and dependent stressful life events specifically. Results When controlling for covariates, insomnia disorder at study baseline predicted the number of stressful life events generated between baseline and 3-month follow-up (β =.60, se=.30, t=1.99, p=.05). Conversely, events at baseline did not predict insomnia disorder at follow-up when controlling for baseline insomnia disorder (OR=.98, CI=.82-1.17). Secondary analysis revealed a trend toward increased generation of dependent events among individuals with insomnia disorder (β =.37, se=.23, t = 1.6, p=.11). Conclusion Our analyses provide preliminary evidence for a causal relationship between insomnia disorder and stress generation. Additional research is needed to replicate and examine the mechanisms behind this relationship. This extension of the stress generation hypothesis may have important implications for harm reduction interventions for insomnia disorder. Support #1R01HL117995-01A1.

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Stressful life events are not associated with the development of dementia

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610213001804 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Anna Sundström ◽

Michael Rönnlund ◽

Rolf Adolfsson ◽

Lars-Göran Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Negative Life Events ◽

Emotional Adjustment ◽

Population Based ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Positive Life Events

ABSTRACTBackground:The impact of stressful life events as a risk factor of dementia diseases is inconclusive. We sought to determine whether stressful negative life events are associated with incidental dementia in a population-based study with long-term follow-up. We also tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of positive life events could mitigate or overcome the possible adverse effects of negative life events on dementia conversion.Methods:The study involved 2,462 dementia-free participants aged 55 years and older. Information on life events was ascertained at baseline from a comprehensive Life Event Inventory, which included 56 questions about specific life events. For each life event, the emotional impact (both positive and negative) and emotional adjustment were asked for.Results:During follow-up, 423 participants developed dementia; of these, 240 developed Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cox regression analysis showed no association between the total number of negative life events and the incidence of dementia when adjusted solely for age and gender (hazard ratio = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.92–1.02), or with multiple adjustments for a range of covariates (hazard ratio = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.91–1.01). Similarly, neither emotional impact nor emotional adjustment to these life events was associated with incident dementia. A separate analysis of AD did not alter the results.Conclusions:The result of this population-based study finds no association between negative or positive life events and dementia. Accordingly, our results reject the hypothesis that stressful life events trigger the onset of dementia diseases.

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Borderline personality disorder: stress reactivity or stress generation? A prospective dimensional study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329172000255x ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Timothy A. Allen ◽

Alexandre Y. Dombrovski ◽

Paul H. Soloff ◽

Michael N. Hallquist

Keyword(s):

Borderline Personality Disorder ◽

Personality Disorder ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Stress Reactivity ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Borderline Personality ◽

Stress Generation ◽

Stressful Life

Abstract Background Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often describe their lives as stressful and unpredictable. However, it is unclear whether the adversity faced by those with BPD is a product of stress reactivity or stress generation. Here, we examined the dynamic, prospective associations between BPD and stressful life events over 3 years. Given the heterogeneity present in BPD, we sought to understand which empirically derived dimensions of this heterogeneous disorder explain stress reactivity v. stress generation. Methods Participants included 355 individuals diagnosed with BPD and followed longitudinally at three annual assessments. Auto-regressive cross-lagged panel models were used to examine prospective associations between stressful life events and three latent dimensions implicated in BPD: negative affect, disinhibition, and antagonism. Results Antagonism and disinhibition, but not negative affect, prospectively predicted dependent stressful life events (events the individual may have some role in). Evidence for decompensation under stress was more tenuous, with independent stressful life events (those presumably outside the individual's control) predicting increases in negative affect. Conclusions Our longitudinal study of a well-characterized clinical sample found more evidence for stress generation than for stress-induced decompensation in BPD. Stress generation in BPD is driven by externalizing dimensions: antagonism and disinhibition. These results highlight the utility of empirically derived dimensions for parsing heterogeneity present in BPD, leading to improvements in diagnostic evaluation, clinical prediction, and individualized approaches to treatment planning.

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Long-term outcome in pharmacotherapy-resistant patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavior therapy: 5-year follow-up

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71868-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 157-157

Author(s):

E. Heldt ◽

C. Blaya ◽

L. Kipper ◽

G. Salum Junior ◽

V.N. Hirakata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Panic Disorder ◽

Treatment Response ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Panic Attacks ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Cognitive Behavior ◽

Long Term Treatment

BackgroundThere is a limitation of data about factors associated with treatment response in panic disorder (PD) patients at long-term follow-up period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term treatment response of pharmacotherapy-resistant patients with PD after 5 years of cognitive-behavior group therapy (CBGT) and to identify factors that predict this outcome.MethodSixty-four patients who completed 12 sessions of CBGT were followed for 5-year. Outcome measures were evaluated by the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and quality of life (QoL) using WHOQOL-bref. Demographic and clinical features, stressful life events were the variables investigated as predictors of CBGT response across follow-up period.ResultsTreatment was associated with significant reduction in symptoms severity (agoraphobia, anticipatory anxiety and panic attacks) with maintenance of gains at 5-year of follow-up (p < 0.05). Twenty-four (40%) of the sample remained in remission after 5 years, 12 (20%) relapsed during the follow-up period and 24 (40%) were non-responder to CBGT. The poor CBGT response had an important negative impact in QoL. Regression analyzes showed that comorbidity with dysthymia (p = 0.017) and stressful life events (p = 0.012) as the most important predictors to worse response.ConclusionsThe improvement in all evaluations suggested that brief CBGT for pharmacotherapy-resistant patients could be an alternative as next-step strategy for residual symptoms with maintenance of the gains after 5 years as assessed across follow-up period. New strategies should be tried for resistant patients, such as those with dysthymia comorbidity, and some specific tool in order to cope with adverse events.

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Timing of Stressful Life Events Affects Stability and Change of Neuroticism

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.1929 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 193-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Harriëtte Riese ◽

Harold Snieder ◽

Bertus F. Jeronimus ◽

Tellervo Korhonen ◽

Richard J. Rose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Outcome Measure ◽

Twin Pair ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Dizygotic Twin ◽

Stability And Change ◽

Set Point ◽

High Baseline

Neuroticism is a predictor of many health problems. To study the determinants of within–subject change in neuroticism, three hypotheses were tested: (i) subjects who experienced stressful life events (SLEs) show an increase in neuroticism; (ii) high baseline neuroticism moderated this effect; and (iii) recent SLEs had a greater impact on neuroticism than distant SLEs. Data came from the Finnish Twin Cohort. Neuroticism data were collected in 1975 and 1981 and SLEs data in 1981 (n = 21 085). By entering baseline neuroticism as a predictor for neuroticism at follow–up, the outcome measure was change in neuroticism. Changes in neuroticism were predicted from SLE indices or their interaction with baseline neuroticism. Timing of SLEs was taken into account by distinguishing recent from distant SLEs. To control for confounding by shared genes and environments, both within–twin pair and between–twin pair effects were tested for monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs separately. Neuroticism's six–year stability was high (r = .58, p < .001). Exposure to SLEs modestly increased neuroticism (βs > .55, ps < .001), unconfounded by shared genes. This effect was not moderated by high baseline neuroticism. Recent SLEs (.09 < βs < .15) had more impact than distant SLEs (.03 < βs < .11; ps < .01). In conclusion, the findings strongly supported a model of environmentally driven SLEs causing dynamic fluctuations around a person's set point of neuroticism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Clinical and Psychological Correlations between Job Loss and Depressive Experience

Acta Medica Marisiensis ◽

10.1515/amma-2015-0062 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 229-232

Author(s):

Ferencz Melinda ◽

Irimia Elena-Ramona ◽

Buicu Gabriela Elena ◽

Moica Theodor ◽

Gabos Grecu Cristian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Job Loss ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Stressful Event ◽

Hamilton Depression Scale

Abstract Introduction: Stressful life events have a negative effect on mental health. Job loss is an event with a psychotraumatic character. Identification of the main sources of stress faced by the individual is essential in the management of depression. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the main risk factors that play a role in the onset and maintenance of depression. Material and methods: we made a prosepctive study including 68 outpatients aged over 18, recently diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), without psychotic features, with initiated antidepressant treatment, being in evidence of First Clinic of Psychiatry Tirgu-Mures, between 01.01.2013-31.12.2013. To assess the severity of depression and to measure the antidepressant treatment efficacy we used Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D17) at study onset, respectively at endpoint. The parameters followed were: HAM-D17 score, response to treatment, the mean number of hospitalizations in a year. Results: The group included 82.35% women and 17.65% men, mostly from urban areas, aged between 35 and 68, with a HAM-D17 score between 24 and 27. The major stressful life events inventory shows that 20.58 % of the patients were unemployed. The observed effects were more extensive in men. Conclusions: How stressful life events exert their influence on mood is complex. The onset of depression often seems to coincide with a stressful event, although sometimes the event is only the revelator of an episode ready to trigger. The findings indicate the need of prevention politics for relapse of the disease, which is a disadvantage regarding the re-employment.

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Sex differences in event-related risk for major depression

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291701003877 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 593-604 ◽

Cited By ~ 163

Author(s):

P. K. MACIEJEWSKI ◽

H. G. PRIGERSON ◽

C. M. MAZURE

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Major Depression ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Event ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Related Risk ◽

Legal Difficulties ◽

Risk For Depression

Background. This study sought to determine if women are more likely than men to experience an episode of major depression in response to stressful life events.Method. Sex differences in event-related risk for depression were examined by means of secondary analyses employing data from the Americans' Changing Lives study. The occurrence and time of occurrence of depression onset and instances of stressful life events within a 12-month period preceding a structured interview were documented in a community-based sample of 1024 men and 1800 women. Survival analytical techniques were used to examine sex differences in risk for depression associated with generic and specific stressful life events.Results. Women were approximately three times more likely than men to experience major depression in response to any stressful life event. Women and men did not differ in risk for depression associated with the death of a spouse or child, events affecting their relationship to a spouse/partner (divorce and marital/love problems) or events corresponding to acute financial or legal difficulties. Women were at elevated risk for depression associated with more distant interpersonal losses (death of a close friend or relative) and other types of events (change of residence, physical attack, or life-threatening illness/injury).Conclusion. Stressful life events overall, with some exceptions among specific event types, pose a greater risk for depression among women compared to men.

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Job Loss and Broken Partnerships: Do the Number of Stressful Life Events Influence the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Men?

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.04.010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 743-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Margit Kriegbaum ◽

Ulla Christensen ◽

Rikke Lund ◽

Eva Prescott ◽

Merete Osler

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Ischemic Heart Disease ◽

Life Events ◽

Job Loss ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Ischemic Heart ◽

Stressful Life

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Stressful Life Events and Cognitive Decline: Sex Differences in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-Up

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.jagp.2016.02.009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. S139

Author(s):

Cynthia A. Munro ◽

Alexandra M. Wennberg ◽

William W. Eaton ◽

Constantine G. Lyketsos ◽

Adam P. Spira

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Life Events ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Epidemiologic Catchment Area

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Borderline personality disorder: Stress reactivity or stress generation? A prospective dimensional study

10.31234/osf.io/ewvf2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy Allen

Keyword(s):

Borderline Personality Disorder ◽

Personality Disorder ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Stress Reactivity ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Borderline Personality ◽

Stress Generation ◽

Stressful Life

Background: Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often describe their lives as stressful and unpredictable. However, it is unclear whether the adversity faced by those with BPD is a product of stress reactivity or stress generation. Here, we examined the dynamic, prospective associations between BPD and stressful life events over three years. Given the heterogeneity present in BPD, we sought to understand which empirically derived dimensions of this heterogenous disorder explain stress reactivity vs. stress generation.Methods: Participants included 355 individuals diagnosed with BPD and followed longitudinally at three annual assessments. Auto-regressive cross-lagged panel models were used to examine prospective associations between stressful life events and three latent dimensions implicated in BPD: negative affect, disinhibition, and antagonism. Results: Antagonism and disinhibition, but not negative affect, prospectively predicted dependent stressful life events (events the individual may have some role in). Evidence for decompensation under stress was more tenuous, with independent stressful life events (those presumably outside the individual’s control) predicting increases in negative affect.Conclusions: Our longitudinal study of a well-characterized clinical sample found more evidence for stress generation than for stress-induced decompensation in BPD. Stress generation in BPD is driven by externalizing dimensions: antagonism and disinhibition. These results highlight the utility of empirically derived dimensions for parsing heterogeneity present in BPD, leading to improvements in diagnostic evaluation, clinical prediction, and individualized approaches to treatment planning.

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