stressful event
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Hanć ◽  
Aleksandra Gomula ◽  
Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska ◽  
Raja Chakraborty ◽  
Sławomir Kozieł

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the relation between early exposure to stressful event and a level of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children, based on outcomes from a natural experiment. It was hypothesized that children pre- and postnatally exposed to cyclone Aila have a higher level of ADHD symptoms compared to the controls, and the effect depends on timing of exposure. Indian children (8-11y) prenatally (N=336) and early postnatally (N=216) exposed to Aila were compared to non-exposed control group of their peers (N=285). ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Conner’s Teacher Rating Scale Revised. The main effect of exposure to the cyclone on total ADHD symptoms’ score, ADHD index, Hyperactivity and Oppositional symptoms was significant and independent of covariates. Both prenatally and postnatally exposed girls, and only postnatally exposed boys, showed significantly higher level of Oppositional symptoms compared to the controls. Cognitive problems/Inattention symptoms were increased in both prenatally and postnatally exposed boys, but not girls, compared to non-exposed children. The timing of programming the later behavior characteristics by stressful experiences due to natural disaster is not limited to fetal life but extends at least into infancy. Sex is a significant modulator of the early stress-ADHD symptoms association.


Family Forum ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
Nataša Rijavec Klobučar

Divorce is a stressful event often combined with spouse conflict which significantly affects the way children experience the consequences of family reorganization. Various factors contribute to the impact of divorce on child development, one of the most decisive being the quality of parental relationship prior to, during and after divorce. The article addresses one main question how spouses’ conflict during the process of divorce is intertwined with a child’s experience.   Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult children (7 men and 13 women)  from divorced families. Adults ranged in age 21 to 42 years old.  Five to twenty years passed from their parents’ divorce. The results show that in the cases of violent parents’ relationships or family relationships with addiction prior to divorce, the participants experienced relief when the nuclear family dissolved; however, in most cases conflict between parents persisted after divorce, the child being torn between both parents. When the conflict between the parents is combined with various addictions, the consequences for the child are even more devastating. In most cases, children were left to themselves. The findings of this study can therefore contribute to creating various forms of educational, consulting, or therapeutic help.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Seweryn Karbownik ◽  
Joanna Kręczyńska ◽  
Anna Wiktorowska-Owczarek ◽  
Paulina Kwarta ◽  
Magdalena Cybula ◽  
...  

BackgroundBacterial probiotics are thought to exert a serotonergic effect relevant to their potential antidepressant and pro-cognitive action, but yeast probiotics have not been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 30-day supplementation with Saccharomyces boulardii affects the level of salivary serotonin under psychological stress and identify the factors associated with it.MethodsHealthy medical students were randomized to ingest Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 or placebo before a stressful event. Salivary serotonin concentration was assessed before and at the end of supplementation. Moreover, obtained results were compared to psychological, biochemical, physiological and sociodemographic study participants data.ResultsData of thirty-two participants (22.8 ± 1.7 years of age, 16 males) was available for the main analysis. Supplementation with Saccharomyces boulardii decreased salivary serotonin concentration under psychological stress by 3.13 (95% CI 0.20 to 6.07) ng/mL, p = 0.037, as compared to placebo. Salivary serotonin was positively correlated with salivary metanephrine (β = 0.27, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.52, p = 0.031) and pulse rate (β = 0.28, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.50, p = 0.018), but insignificantly with anxiety, depression, eating attitudes and information retrieval.ConclusionsSaccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 may be distinct from bacterial probiotics in its salivary serotonergic effect, which appears positively linked to symapathoadrenal markers. The study requires cautious interpretation, and further investigation.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Desiree Montijn ◽  
Lotte Gerritsen ◽  
Dana van Son ◽  
Iris M Engelhard

Expectations have an important role in guiding behavior and the interpretation of novel information, but can contain negative biases such as is the case in anxiety disorders. Positive future thinking may provide an accessible way to attenuate these negatively biases. However, much is still unclear about the optimal form of such positive interventions, and it is unknown if the effects go beyond subjective experience. Here, we used a positive future thinking intervention to adapt the way a stressful event is experienced. Participants imagined either task-relevant (N = 21) or irrelevant (N = 21) positive future events before being subjected to the Trier Social Stress Task, or did not receive the intervention (N= 20). We recorded resting state EEG during the anticipation and recovery phases of the TSST to assess intervention and trait anxiety related differences in the level of frontal delta-beta coupling, which is considered a neurobiological substrate of emotion regulation. Results show that the intervention reduces event-related stress and anxiety, and increases social fixation behavior and task performance, but only if future thinking is task relevant. Paradoxically, task-irrelevant positive future thoughts enhance negative perceptual biases and stress reactivity. This increase in stress reactivity in the task-irrelevant group was corroborated by the elevated levels frontal delta-beta coupling during event anticipation, especially for those with high trait anxiety. This suggests an increased demand for emotion regulation following the task-irrelevant intervention, possibly due to the contextual incongruence between positive imagery and the stressor. Together, these results show that positive future thinking can mitigate the negative emotional, behavioral and neurobiological consequences of a stressful event, but that it should not be applied indiscriminately. Task-relevant positive future thinking can be an accessible way to boost efficacy of exposure therapy for pathological anxiety, and can help people deal with negative anticipation in daily life.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polychronis Voultsos ◽  
Maria Deligianni ◽  
Eftychia Tsamadou

Abstract BackgroundGiven that having an infant in the NICU is a morally stressful event for parents and preterm birth rates are increasing worldwide, parent moral distress is a matter of public health. While moral distress in the clinical context is already a widely explored phenomenon, the parent moral distress still remains a largely under-explored complex phenomenon. Methods This is a prospective qualitative study using semi-structured interviews of seventeen parents (mothers) who previously had an infant in the NICU. The study conducted between February 2021 and August 2021. A thematic analysis of the data was performed. Results While parents with infants in the NICU initially needed for having their decisions respected by physicians, they ultimately shew a tolerant attitude towards benevolent medical paternalism. However, many physician-related factors (i.e. uncertainty, discrepancy of opinion, operational behavior, lack of communicative or empathetic behavior, previous malpractice) facilitate parent moral distress. The important role of the family pediatrician in creating parent moral distress is highlighted. The same holds for family/social environment – related factors. Furthermore, the role of parent’s internal factors (especially spiritual/existential core values or beliefs) as well as the role of NICU environment-related factors (such as the image of a long-suffering infant, preventing mothers from providing their own milk for their infants and having a skin-to-skin contact with them) in creating parent moral distress are highlighted. Moral residue no more than mild was found. Moreover, parent moral schisma is emerged as a conceptually distinct from moral distress phenomenon. Last, the findings of this study confirm the relational account of parental moral distress offered by Mooney-Doyle and Ulrich. ConclusionsWhile many findings of the present study are in line with previous studies, our data analysis revealed findings which are little recognized in the available literature. Parents showed tolerant attitudes towards benevolent medical paternalism. No more than mild moral residue has been found. The most relevant categories of variables associated with parent moral distress were a) physician-related (various factors), b) parent-related, c) parent’s context (family or broader social)-related, and d) NICU environment-related. Furthermore, parent moral distress and parent moral schisma are conceptualized as conceptually distinct albeit strictly related or overlapping phenomena. The findings of this study support the relational account of parent moral distress.


2022 ◽  
pp. 130-152
Author(s):  
María Iborra ◽  
Vicente Safón ◽  
Consuelo Dolz

The latest global economic and financial crisis has been a litmus test for companies, especially for SMEs. These companies have had to demonstrate their ability to be resilient, surviving first and then recovering. This chapter studies the role of family ownership in the survival and recovery of SMEs during a stressful event. From a perspective based on the complementarity or substitutability of goals that family firms pursue, the authors propose that family ownership has a positive effect on survival but a negative effect on recovery. Furthermore, they propose that the risk of bankruptcy before a crisis moderates the relationship between family ownership and survival. Hypotheses have been tested with a dataset of 3,133 Spanish manufacturing MEs finding evidence for the positive role of family ownership in survival and for the moderating effect of previous bankruptcy risk. The empirical data confirms good news for family-owned firms.


PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12542
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Modzelewska ◽  
Kamil K. Imbir

Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a type of stressful event which might have an impact on psychological state. A prolonged threat of getting a serious, contagious illness is expected to be associated with an increase of negative emotions and, conversely, with a decrease of positive emotions. As the stressor is strongly linked to health and the body, we decided to investigate what types of factors related to body perception and appraisal are associated with different types of reported emotions. The purpose of the study was to verify the associations between three types of variables: interoceptive awareness as described by Mehling and colleagues (2012a, 2018), negative beliefs about health and body, and different types of emotions. Methodology A Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness questionnaire was applied to evaluate interoceptive awareness. The declared emotional state was diagnosed with a list of 20 emotions–divided by valence and origin. Additionally, a list of 10 negative beliefs about health and body was used. The study was held in a correlational schema with 299 subjects recruited via the social media platform Facebook who took part in an online survey. Results The study revealed that the scales of Self-Regulation and Trusting are primarily associated with negative automatic and reflective emotions and positive automatic emotions. Furthermore, the Self-Regulation, Trusting dimensions of interoceptive awareness predict an intensity of emotions categorised on the basis of valence and origin. In addition, negative beliefs about health and the body provided an adequate explanation of the variance of most of the types of emotions experienced during the pandemic. Conclusions Factors related to body perception, such as interoceptive awareness and negative beliefs about health and body provide a significant contribution to explaining emotional state at the beginning of the pandemic.


Author(s):  
Achal Jiwane ◽  
Ragini Joshi ◽  
Divyani Kanholkar ◽  
Shreya Kapgate ◽  
Deeplata Mendhe

Background: It is estimated that up to 20% of children worldwide suffer from debilitating mental illness. Learning disabilities, ADHD, depression, psychosis, pervasive developmental disorders, attachment disorders, anxiety, and conduct disorder are all serious mental illnesses. Living with such children can be extremely stressful for the family's caregiver. Recognizing the difficulties of living with these children is critical in assisting or supporting caregivers in providing appropriate care for their children. For family members, the onset and long-term presence of mental illness can be a stressful event or a crisis. Interactions with mental health professionals have been found to have an impact on these families' transition from crisis to recovery. Families who meet with a mental health professional regularly have a better chance of recovering from the crisis and dealing with the situation. Objectives: Assess the psychosocial problem faced by the primary caregivers of mentally challenged children. Materials and Methods: Descriptive research study was to assess psychosocial problems faced by primary caregiver’s children who are mentally challenged. Selected parents who are mentally challenged children of community area. In this study total number of 50 samples to fulfill the inclusion criteria were selected. Likert scale was developed to assess psychosocial problems. Expected Result: This study is a plan to assess the psychosocial problem faced by primary care children who are mentally challenged. Hence it is expected to identify the psychosocial problem of parents with mentally challenged children.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 923-923
Author(s):  
Joanne Elayoubi ◽  
Monica Nelson

Abstract Social connections/engagement have been found to be potentially protective against depression and declines in physical functioning. We examined whether social connection/engagement was protective against depression and functional decline after stroke. Participants were 898 individuals with incident stroke from the Health and Retirement Study between 1998-2012. Multilevel modeling was used to examine how social connection/engagement were associated with trajectories of depressive symptoms and limitations with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Models controlled for age, gender, education, and race. In addition, analyses with depressive symptoms as outcome controlled for functional limitations with ADLs. Participants who were lonely and did not have friends in their neighborhood pre-stroke had more depressive symptoms at the time of stroke. Participants with close children pre-stroke showed less increase in depressive symptoms over time. Within-person increase in loneliness and within-person decline in providing help were related to more depressive symptoms post-stroke. Participants who felt lonely and did not provide help pre-stroke had more IADL limitations at the time of stroke. Smaller pre-stroke household size and pre-stroke volunteering were associated with less increase in IADL limitations with stroke. Within-person increase in having friends and providing help after stroke were associated with fewer IADL limitations post-stroke. Taken together, these findings suggest that social connection/engagement may buffer the negative psychological and physical outcomes of a stressful event such as stroke.


Author(s):  
Roberto Rojas ◽  
Alexander Behnke ◽  
Martin Hautzinger

Abstract Background Stressful event exposure, dysfunctional attitudes (DA), negative automatic thoughts (NAT), and declining positive automatic thoughts (PAT) have been associated with depressive relapse/recurrence. Few studies have investigated the course of these variables and their relevance for relapse/recurrence in remitted depression. Methods Following successful inpatient treatment, in 39 remitted depressive patients, stressful events, DA, NAT, PAT, and depressive relapse/recurrence were assessed five times during a 16-month follow-up. Data were analyzed with mixed effect models, and mediation effects were tested. Results Stressful events after discharge correlated with depressive relapse/recurrence. This association was mainly mediated by a stress-related decline of PAT within four months post discharge. Patients’ DA were relatively stable during the observation period and did not depend on stressful events, indicating DA as a risk trait for depressive relapse/recurrence. Mediation analyses revealed that independent of stress, DA were linked to depressive relapse/recurrence through more NAT. Conclusion Our findings suggest stressful events evoke relapse/recurrence in remitted depression through rapid deterioration of PAT after discharge from inpatient therapy. DA are expressed through NAT which additionally contribute to higher risk of depressive relapse/recurrence. Consequently, maintenance therapy requires techniques to promote the maintenance of PAT, and to effectively restructure DA and NAT.


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