The Relationship of Fear-Potentiated Startle and Polysomnography-Measured Sleep in Trauma-Exposed Men and Women with and without PTSD: Testing REM Sleep Effects and Exploring the Roles of an Integrative Measure of Sleep, PTSD Symptoms, and Biological Sex

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Richards ◽  
Sabra S Inslicht ◽  
Leslie M Yack ◽  
Thomas J Metzler ◽  
J Russell Huie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Study Objectives Published research indicates that sleep is involved in emotional information processing. Using a fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and nap sleep protocol, we examined the relationship of emotional learning with REM sleep (REMS) in trauma-exposed participants. We also explored the roles of PTSD symptoms, biological sex, and an integrative measure of polysomnography-measured (PSG) sleep in the learning-sleep relationship. Methods After an adaptation nap, participants (N=46) completed 2 more visits (counterbalanced): a stress-condition visit, which included FPS conditioning procedures prior to a nap and assessment of learning retention and fear extinction training after the nap, and a control visit, which included a nap opportunity without stressful procedures. FPS conditioning included a “fear” visual stimulus paired with an air blast to the neck and a “safety” visual stimulus never paired with an air blast. Retention and extinction involved presentation of the visual stimuli without the air blast. Primary analyses examined the relationship between FPS responses pre- and post- sleep with stress-condition REMS duration, controlling for control-nap REMS duration. Results Higher safety learning predicted increased REMS and increased REMS predicted more rapid extinction learning. Similar relationships were observed with an integrative PSG sleep measure. They also showed unexpected effects of PTSD symptoms on learning and showed biological sex effects on learning-sleep relationships. Conclusions Findings support evidence of a relationship between adaptive emotional learning and REMS. They underscore the importance of examining sex effects in sleep-learning relationships. They introduce an integrative PSG sleep measure with potential relevance to studies of sleep and subjective and biological outcomes.

047 Fear-Potentiated Startle and Sleep in Trauma-Exposed Men and Women with and without PTSD

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A20-A20
Author(s):  
Anne Richards ◽  
Sabra Inslicht ◽  
J Russell Huie ◽  
Leslie Yack ◽  
Laura Straus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Safety Signal ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Learning Retention ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
Learning And Change ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Animal and human studies indicate that fear conditioning disrupts subsequent sleep, including REM sleep (REMS). REMS is thought to be central to fear information processing. We utilized an afternoon nap protocol to examine the effects of fear-potentiated startle (FPS), a variant of fear conditioning, on subsequent sleep integrity and REMS in trauma-exposed participants with varying levels of PTSD. We also examined the effects of changes in sleep integrity and REMS on subsequent retention and extinction of pre-sleep learning. Methods Participants (N=47) participated in 3 nap visits. The first was an adaptation nap. The second and third nap visits were counterbalanced: a stress-condition nap, during which participants underwent FPS procedures prior to a nap and assessment of retention of fear and safety signal learning and fear extinction after the nap, and a control visit during which participants had a nap opportunity without stressful procedures. Canonical correlation analysis assessed the relationship between FPS responses and change in subsequent sleep relative to a control nap, as well as the relationship between change in sleep from control to stress condition and both subsequent fear and safety learning retention, and subsequent extinction. Results Results demonstrated a relationship between fear learning and change in sleep and supported a relationship between safety signal learning and subsequent REMS, as well as differential conditioning and wake after sleep onset. Sleep did not predict measures of fear retention or extinction. PTSD symptoms did not predict fear learning or sleep measures. Conclusion These findings replicate prior work showing a relationship between safety learning and REMS, suggesting that this is a core mechanism through which stress impacts fear processing. Further research is critical to further understand this effect, and to examine how different aspects of fear learning impact different components of sleep. This study also demonstrates that nap studies can be a valuable approach for studying the stress-sleep relationship. Support (if any) VA Career Development Award to Dr. Richards (5IK2CX000871-05)

The Relationship of Small Limb Movements During REM Sleep to Dreamed Limb Action

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Gardner ◽  
William I. Grossman ◽  
Howard P. Roffwarg ◽  
Herbert Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Vigor and alpha-amylase activity in common bean seeds under salt stress conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3633-3650
Author(s):  
Matheus Santin Padilha ◽  
◽  
Cileide Maria Medeiros Coelho ◽  
Natalia Carolina Moraes Ehrhardt-Brocardo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Reserve Mobilization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Seeds with high vigor have greater capacity for hydrolysis and mobilization of stored reserves, which results in the formation of vigorous seedlings, and this behavior is observed under abiotic stress conditions. This study proposes to investigate the relationship of the enzyme alpha-amylase in lots of common-bean seeds with contrasting vigor, when subjected to the absence and presence of salt stress, aiming to identify the relationship of this enzyme with the vigor of the seed lot under these conditions. Seven common-bean cultivars were used. Physiological quality was determined by germination, vigor index and seedling length. The mobilization of reserves was evaluated under absence and presence of salt stress simulated with a NaCl solution with a concentration of 50 mmol L-1. The analyzed variables regarding reserve mobilization were reserve reduction, reserve reduction rate, seedling dry weight, reserve mobilization rate, starch, starch reduction rate and alpha-amylase activity. Results showed that the stress condition negatively affected all the evaluated variables; however, the cultivars classified as having greater vigor showed better physiological performance under stress. Salt stress in common-bean seeds affects seedling performance and reduces alpha-amylase activity during germination, and high-vigor seed lots exhibited higher enzyme activity in the no-stress condition.

scholarly journals Different laterality indexes are poorly correlated with one another but consistently show the tendency of males and females to be more left- and right-lateralized, respectively

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Buenaventura Castillo ◽  
Andy G. Lynch ◽  
Silvia Paracchini
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The most common way to assess handedness is based on the preferred hand for writing, leading to a binary (left or right) trait. Handedness can also be assessed as a continuous trait with laterality indexes, but these are not time- and cost-effective, and are not routinely collected. Rarely, different handedness measures are collected for the same individuals. Here, we assessed the relationship of preferred hand for writing with four laterality indexes, reported in previous literature, derived from measures of dexterity (pegboard task, marking squares and sorting matches) and strength (grip strength), available in a range of N = 6664–8069 children from the ALSPAC cohort. Although all indexes identified a higher proportion of individuals performing better with their right hand, they showed low correlation with each other (0.08–0.3). Left handers were less consistent compared to right handers in performing better with their dominant hand, but that varied across indexes, i.e. 13% of left handers performed better with their right hand on marking squares compared to 48% for sorting matches and grip strength. Analysis of sex effects on the laterality indexes showed that males and females tend to be, on all measures, more left- and right-lateralized, respectively. Males were also over-represented among the individuals performing equally with both hands suggesting they had a higher tendency to be weakly lateralized. This study shows that different handedness measures tap into different dimensions of laterality and cannot be used interchangeably. The trends observed across indexes for males and females suggest that sex effects should be taken into account in handedness and laterality studies.

The relationship of REM sleep with learning and memory in mice

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Pagel ◽  
Vernon Pegram ◽  
Sheila Vaughn ◽  
Pamela Donaldson ◽  
William Bridgers
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Investigation Into Sleep Disturbance of Patients Suffering from Cluster Headache

Cephalalgia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Nobre ◽  
AJ Leal ◽  
PMF Filho
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The new discoveries relating to cluster headache (CH) encouraged the study of the relationship of the hypothalamus to respiratory physiology and its comorbidity with sleep apnoea. The question is whether the apnoeas are more frequent during REM sleep and the desaturations could be involved as triggers of the cluster attacks. Furthermore, could the connection with the hypothalamus, already proved, be responsible for an alteration in the structure of REM sleep and a chemoreceptor dysfunction. We set out to analyse when polysomnography investigation is necessary in patients with CH. We studied 37 patients suffering from episodic CH, 31 (83.8%) men and six (16.2%) women. For the control group, we selected 35 individuals, 31 (88.6%) men and four (11.4%) women. There was a greater percentage of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with CH (58.3%) compared with the control group (14.3%) and with the general population (2-4%). In cases of pain during sleep, the majority is deflagrated during the REM phase, following a desaturation episode. A stratified analysis of the apnoea/hypnoea index relating to body mass index (BMI) and age showed that patients with CH have 8.4 times more chance of exhibiting OSA than normal individuals ( P < 0001). This risk increases to 24.38 in patients with a BMI > 25 kg/m2 and increases to 13.5 in patients > 40 years old. Surprisingly, the risk decreases sharply in patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 and who are < 40 years old. Due to the fact that polysomnography is a complex, costly and sometimes difficult examination, we suggest, in concordance with the results, that it should be carried out routinely in patients with CH that exhibit a BMI of > 25 kg/m2 and/or in patients who are > 40 years of age.

Towards an ethology of song: A categorization of musical behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lehmann ◽  
Lorenz Welker ◽  
Wulf Schiefenhövel
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Universal Functions ◽  
Musical Expression ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Musical Mode ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Primary Form

This paper deals with the differentiation and adaptive significance of musical, particularly singing behaviour. We discuss the relationship of speech and song and define song as a musical mode of speech. We argue for a focus on singing as the primary form of musical expression and discuss universal functions of singing as a mode of human communication and their possible adaptive significance. Starting from these universal capacities, from a number of recently discussed candidates for adaptive functions, and from the record of various cultural gender and biological sex differentiations related to music, a categorization of musical (particularly singing) behaviour, primarily based on sex differentiation, is proposed.

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