P082 Gender moderates the effects of total sleep deprivation and sleep restriction on risk preference

Abstract Introduction Total sleep deprivation (TSD) affects risk preference in decision-making. However, little work has examined the effects of sleep restriction (SR), or the potentially moderating role of gender, on risk preference. Here, we investigate the effects of TSD, SR, and gender on risky decision-making. Methods 47 healthy adults (age=24.57±5.26 years, 24F) were randomly assigned to either of 2 counterbalanced protocols: 1) well-rested (WR: 9-hours time-in-bed for 6 nights) and 30hours TSD; or 2) WR and SR (4-hours time-in-bed for 4 nights). Participants performed the Lottery Choice Task (LCT) on the last day of each week. LCT requires a series of choices between two risky gambles with different risk levels. In one block, participants sought to maximise monetary gain (GAINS), and in another block, they sought to minimise losses (LOSSES). A trial-level analysis evaluated participants’ likelihood of choosing the “safer” gamble under influence of each sleep condition. Results The version*condition*gender interaction was significant. GAINS: everyone became more risk averse during TSD. Females also became more risk averse during SR, but males did not. LOSSES: everyone became more risk seeking during SR. During TSD, females became relatively more risk averse, while males became relatively more risk seeking. Conclusion TSD and SR had similar impacts on risk preference. However, gender moderated some effects. Women generally became more risk averse during sleep loss for both GAINS and LOSSES. Men were more risk averse for GAINS and risk seeking for LOSSES. This has implications for real-world situations where individuals are required to make risky decisions.

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Residual, differential neurobehavioral deficits linger after multiple recovery nights following chronic sleep restriction or acute total sleep deprivation

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa224 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Erika M Yamazaki ◽

Caroline A Antler ◽

Charlotte R Lasek ◽

Namni Goel

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Response Speed ◽

Sleep Loss ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Recovery Sleep ◽

Time In Bed ◽

Neurobehavioral Deficits ◽

Chronic Sleep

Abstract Study Objectives The amount of recovery sleep needed to fully restore well-established neurobehavioral deficits from sleep loss remains unknown, as does whether the recovery pattern differs across measures after total sleep deprivation (TSD) and chronic sleep restriction (SR). Methods In total, 83 adults received two baseline nights (10–12-hour time in bed [TIB]) followed by five 4-hour TIB SR nights or 36-hour TSD and four recovery nights (R1–R4; 12-hour TIB). Neurobehavioral tests were completed every 2 hours during wakefulness and a Maintenance of Wakefulness Test measured physiological sleepiness. Polysomnography was collected on B2, R1, and R4 nights. Results TSD and SR produced significant deficits in cognitive performance, increases in self-reported sleepiness and fatigue, decreases in vigor, and increases in physiological sleepiness. Neurobehavioral recovery from SR occurred after R1 and was maintained for all measures except Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) lapses and response speed, which failed to completely recover. Neurobehavioral recovery from TSD occurred after R1 and was maintained for all cognitive and self-reported measures, except for vigor. After TSD and SR, R1 recovery sleep was longer and of higher efficiency and better quality than R4 recovery sleep. Conclusions PVT impairments from SR failed to reverse completely; by contrast, vigor did not recover after TSD; all other deficits were reversed after sleep loss. These results suggest that TSD and SR induce sustained, differential biological, physiological, and/or neural changes, which remarkably are not reversed with chronic, long-duration recovery sleep. Our findings have critical implications for the population at large and for military and health professionals.

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O040 Sleep restriction impairs the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information into a decision

SLEEP Advances ◽

10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A17-A17

Author(s):

S Drummond ◽

J Lim ◽

J Boardman ◽

C Anderson ◽

D Dickinson

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Mathematical Modelling ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Decision Task ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Black And White ◽

Single Piece ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation impacts overall decision-making, though the impact on specific components of decision-making are less well studied, especially outside of total sleep deprivation. Here, we examine the effects of sleep restriction on the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information into a decision. Methods Healthy adults (n=41; age=27.9±6.0 years, 20F) lived in the sleep lab for 2 counterbalanced conditions: well-rested (WR: 9-hour sleep opportunity for 4 nights) and sleep restriction (SR: one 9-hour night, followed by three 3-hour nights). Following the last night of each condition, participants performed the decision task. Across 48 trials, participants first saw two containers, with different numbers of black and white balls. Eight balls were randomly drawn, with replacement, from one unknown container. Participants decided which container was used, based on the “odds” each container was used and draw results (“evidence”). Mathematical modelling determined the amount of weight given to odds/evidence. The “best” decisions integrate both pieces of information. Results When WR, participants utilised both pieces of information to make their decisions, though odds were given slightly more weight. During SR, the amount of weight given to the odds did not change, and the weight given to the evidence decreased significantly. Conclusion SR impaired the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information into a decision. Instead, participants focused on a single piece of easy-to-understand information and did not fully utilise a harder-to-understand piece of information. This has implications for complex applied environments where individuals have large amounts of information with which to make decisions.

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The effects of optimism on self-framing and risky decision making

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.9409 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Ran Zhang ◽

Luming Zhao ◽

Lin Wu ◽

Hongxu Chen ◽

Gaoxing Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Framing Effect ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Life Orientation Test ◽

Life Orientation ◽

Risk Seeking ◽

Behavioral Decision Making ◽

Behavioral Decision ◽

Orientation Test

The framing effect is a key topic that has been insufficiently studied in research on behavioral decision making. In our study we explored the effects of optimism on self-framing and risky decision making. Participants were 416 undergraduates who responded to the Life Orientation Test and a self-framing test based on the Asian disease problem. The results demonstrate that, compared with people low in optimism, highly optimistic individuals tended to use more positive words to describe problems, generate more positive frames, and choose more risky options. There was also a significant self-framing effect: Participants with a negative frame tended to be risk-seeking, whereas those with a positive frame tended to avoid risks. Additionally, selfframing suppressed the effect of optimism on risky decision making. We can conclude that optimism has significant effects on self-framing and risky decision making.

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0308 DRD2 C957T Genotype Influences Vigilant Attention Performance Impairment During Total Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.305 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A116-A116

Author(s):

R A Muck ◽

L Skeiky ◽

M A Schmidt ◽

B C Satterfield ◽

J P Wisor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Genotype Distribution ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Time In Bed ◽

Dat1 Gene ◽

Performance Impairment ◽

Attention Performance ◽

Time Awake

Abstract Introduction There are substantial, phenotypical individual differences in the adverse impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on vigilant attention performance. Dopaminergic genotypes have been found to contribute to these phenotypical differences. Here we investigated the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene, C957T (rs6277), on vigilant attention performance measured with the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) in a laboratory TSD study. Methods N=46 healthy adults (ages 26.0±5.3y; 25 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with a baseline day (10h time in bed: 22:00-08:00), a 38h TSD period, and a recovery day (10h time in bed: 22:00-08:00). DNA isolated from whole blood was assayed for DRD2 C957T genotype using real-time polymerase chain reaction. PVT performance was measured during TSD at 2-4h intervals, and analyzed for genotype using mixed-effects analysis of covariance of lapses of attention (RTs>500ms). Results The genotype distribution in this sample - 28.3% C/C, 50.0% C/T, 21.7% T/T - was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (X21=0.0008, p=0.98). As expected, there was a significant effect of time awake on PVT performance (F14,602=26.67, p<0.001). There was a significant main effect of DRD2 genotype (F2,602=3.24, p=0.040) and a significant interaction of time awake by DRD2 genotype (F28,602=1.96, p=0.003). Subjects homozygous for the T allele showed greater impairment during extended wakefulness than carriers of the C allele. Genotype explained 7.6% of the variance in the PVT data observed during the 38h TSD period. Conclusion Subjects homozygous for the T allele of DRD2 C957T were considerably more vulnerable to TSD-induced PVT performance impairment than carriers of the C allele. A recent study showed that DRD2 C957T influences PVT performance in interaction with a SNP of the DAT1 gene. Here, DRD2 genotype was by itself also associated with PVT performance impairment during TSD. Support CDMRP awards W81XWH-16-1-0319 and W81XWH-18-1-0100.

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137 Recovery Dynamics in a Biomathematical Model of Fatigue

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A56-A56

Author(s):

Mark McCauley ◽

Peter McCauley ◽

Hans Van Dongen

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Sleep Loss ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Commercial Aviation ◽

Circadian Misalignment ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Homeostatic Process ◽

Recovery Sleep

Abstract Introduction In commercial aviation and other operational settings where biomathematical models of fatigue are used for fatigue risk management, accurate prediction of recovery during rest periods following duty periods with sleep loss and/or circadian misalignment is critical. The recuperative potential of recovery sleep is influenced by a variety of factors, including long-term, allostatic effects of prior sleep/wake history. For example, recovery tends to be slower after sustained sleep restriction versus acute total sleep deprivation. Capturing such dynamics has proven to be challenging. Methods Here we focus on the dynamic biomathematical model of McCauley et al. (2013). In addition to a circadian process, this model features differential equations for sleep/wake regulation including a short-term sleep homeostatic process capturing change in the order of hours/days and a long-term allostatic process capturing change in the order of days/weeks. The allostatic process modulates the dynamics of the homeostatic process by shifting its equilibrium setpoint, which addresses recently observed phenomena such as reduced vulnerability to sleep loss after banking sleep. It also differentiates the build-up and recovery rates of fatigue under conditions of chronic sleep restriction versus acute total sleep deprivation; nonetheless, it does not accurately predict the disproportionately rapid recovery seen after total sleep deprivation. To improve the model, we hypothesized that the homeostatic process may also modulate the allostatic process, with the magnitude of this effect scaling as a function of time awake. Results To test our hypothesis, we added a parameter to the model to capture modulation by the homeostatic process of the allostatic process build-up during wakefulness and dissipation during sleep. Parameter estimation using previously published laboratory datasets of fatigue showed this parameter as significantly different from zero (p<0.05) and yielding a 10%–20% improvement in goodness-of-fit for recovery without adversely affecting goodness-of-fit for pre-recovery days. Conclusion Inclusion of a modulation effect of the allostatic process by the homeostatic process improved prediction accuracy in a variety of sleep loss and circadian misalignment scenarios. In addition to operational relevance for duty/rest scheduling, this finding has implications for understanding mechanisms underlying the homeostatic and allostatic processes of sleep/wake regulation. Support (if any) Federal Express Corporation

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Sensitivity to gains during risky decision-making differentiates chronic cocaine users from stimulant-naïve controls

10.1101/795443 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

B. Kluwe-Schiavon ◽

A. Kexel ◽

G. Manenti ◽

D.M. Cole ◽

M.R. Baumgartner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Cocaine Use ◽

Risk Seeking ◽

Chronic Cocaine ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Cocaine Users ◽

The Individual

AbstractBackgroundAlthough chronic cocaine use has been frequently associated with decision-making impairments that are supposed to contribute to the development and maintenance of cocaine addiction, it has remained unclear how risk-seeking behaviours observed in chronic cocaine users (CU) come about. Here we therefore test whether risky decision-making observed in CU is driven by alterations in individual sensitivity to the available information (gain, loss, and risk).MethodA sample of 96 participants (56 CU and 40 controls) performed the no-feedback (“cold”) version of the Columbia Card Task. Structured psychiatric interviews and a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery were additionally conducted. Current and recent substance use was objectively assessed by toxicological urine and hair analysis.ResultsCompared to controls, CU showed increased risk-seeking in unfavourable decision scenarios in which the risk was high and the returns were low, and a tendency for increased risk aversion in favourable decision scenarios. These differences arose from the fact that CU were less sensitive to gain, but similarly sensitive to loss and risk information in comparison to controls. Further analysis revealed that individual differences in sensitivity to loss and risk were related to cognitive performance and impulsivity.ConclusionThe reduced sensitivity to gain information in people with CU may contribute to their propensity for making risky decisions. While these alterations in the sensitivity to gain might be directly related to cocaine use per se, the individual psychopathological profile of CU might moderate their sensitivity to risk and loss impulsivity.

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0195 ENERGY BALANCE RESPONSES SHOW PHENOTYPIC STABILITY TO SLEEP RESTRICTION AND TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN HEALTHY ADULTS

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.194 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 40 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. A71-A72

Author(s):

LE Dennis ◽

AM Spaeth ◽

N Goel

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Phenotypic Stability ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation

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The Role of Memory in Distinguishing Risky Decisions from Experience and Description

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/17470218.2016.1220608 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (10) ◽

pp. 2048-2059 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christopher R. Madan ◽

Elliot A. Ludvig ◽

Marcia L. Spetch

Keyword(s):

Risk Preferences ◽

Risk Preference ◽

Risky Choice ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Memory Biases ◽

Opposite Pattern ◽

Decisions From Experience ◽

Risk Seeking ◽

Subject Design

People's risk preferences differ for choices based on described probabilities versus those based on information learned through experience. For decisions from description, people are typically more risk averse for gains than for losses. In contrast, for decisions from experience, people are sometimes more risk seeking for gains than losses, especially for choices with the possibility of extreme outcomes (big wins or big losses), which are systematically overweighed in memory. Using a within-subject design, this study evaluated whether this memory bias plays a role in the differences in risky choice between description and experience. As in previous studies, people were more risk seeking for losses than for gains in description but showed the opposite pattern in experience. People also more readily remembered the extreme outcomes and judged them as having occurred more frequently. These memory biases correlated with risk preferences in decisions from experience but not in decisions from description. These results suggest that systematic memory biases may be responsible for some of the differences in risk preference across description and experience.

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Optimizing motor decision-making through competition with opponents

10.1101/405878 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Keiji Ota ◽

Mamoru Tanae ◽

Kotaro Ishii ◽

Ken Takiyama

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Optimal Decision ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Risk Seeking ◽

Competitive Game ◽

Ski Jumping ◽

Human Motor ◽

Optimal Decision Making

AbstractAlthough optimal decision-making is essential for sports performance and fine motor control, it has been repeatedly confirmed that humans show a strong risk-seeking bias, selecting a risky strategy over an optimal solution. Despite such evidence, the ideal method to promote optimal decision-making remains unclear. Here, we propose that interactions with other people can influence motor decision-making and improve risk-seeking bias. We developed a competitive reaching game (a variant of the “chicken game”) in which aiming for greater rewards increased the risk of no reward and subjects competed for the total reward with their opponent. The game resembles situations in sports, such as a penalty kick in soccer, service in tennis, the strike zone in baseball, or take-off in ski jumping. In five different experiments, we demonstrated that, at the beginning of the competitive game, the subjects robustly switched their risk-seeking strategy to a risk-averse strategy. Following the reversal of the strategy, the subjects achieved optimal decision-making when competing with risk-averse opponents. This optimality was achieved by a non-linear influence of an opponent’s decisions on a subject’s decisions. These results suggest that interactions with others can alter human motor decision strategies and that competition with a risk-averse opponent is key for optimizing motor decision-making.

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